Hidroliza

Hidroliza (iz grščine hydro = »voda« + lysis »ločitev«) je kemijska reakcija, pri kateri se določena spojina razcepi z vodo, pri čemer se v en del vgradi hidroksilna skupina, v drugi pa vodik; molekula vode se namreč tudi cepi, in sicer na vodikov kation (H+) in hidroksilni anion (OH−).[1][2][3]

Hidrolitično se cepijo določeni polimeri; reakcijo po navadi katalizirajo bodisi kisline (npr. koncentrirana žveplova kislina – H2SO4) bodisi lugi (npr. natrijev hidroksid – NaOH).

Soli šibkih kislin/baz

Če se v vodi raztopi sol šibke kisline ali šibkega luga. Voda spontano ionizira do hidroksilnih anionov in vodikovih kationov in tudi sol disociira do aniona in kationa. Npr. natrijev acetat v vodi disociira do natrijevega kationa in acetatnega aniona. Natrijevi kationi le v majhni meri reagirajo s hidroksilnimi ioni vode, medtem ko acetatni ioni reagirajo z vodikovimi kationi in tvorijo ocetno kislino. Posledično pride do relativnega prebitka hidroksilnih ionov in zato je pH take raztopine lužnat.

Vendar v normalnih razmerah redko pride do reakcije med vodo in organskimi spojinami. Na splošno je treba raztopinam dodati močno kislino ali bazo kot katalizator, da pride do hidrolize.

Estri in amidi

Hidroliza amida

S kislino oziroma bazo katalizirane hidrolitične reakcije so značilne tudi za amide in estre. Do hidrolize pride, ko nukleofil (npr. voda ali hidroksilni ion) napade ogljik v karbonilni skupini estra ali amida. V kislem okolju se karbonilna skupina protonira, kar olajša nukleofilni napad. Produkt hidrolize estrov in amidov je spojina s karboksilno skupino (ter amin pri amidih in alkohol pri estrih).

Viri

  1. ↑ http://lsm1.amebis.si/lsmeds/novPogoj.aspx?pPogoj=hidroliza Arhivirano 2013-05-22 na Wayback Machine.; Slovenski medicinski slovar.
  2. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2. izd. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Spletna izdaja: (2006–) "hydrolysis". DOI: 10.1351/goldbook.H02902
  3. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2. izd. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Spletna izdaja: (2006–) "solvolysis". DOI: 10.1351/goldbook.S05762

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