Železna zavesa

Železna zavesa v Evropi v času hladne vojne med letoma 1948 in 1990. Kljub komunistični ideologiji Jugoslavija od leta 1948 naprej ni pripadala vzhodnemu bloku in je zato obarvana zeleno. Podobno se je od Sovjetske zveze oddaljila Albanija, ki se je po kitajsko-sovjetskem sporu zbližala z Ljudsko republiko Kitajsko.
Železna zavesa v Nemčiji pri Witzenhausnu in Heilbad Heiligenstadtu

Želézna zavésa je politični izraz za simbolično, ideološko in delno fizično mejo, ki je razdelila Evropo v času hladne vojne na dva dela: na kapitalistične zahodne in socialistične vzhodne države. Izraz izvira iz gledališkega izrazoslovja. Izraz se je v političnem sotvarju pojavljal že prej, a ga je dokončno uvedel nekdanji britanski predsednik vlade Winston Churchill 5. marca 1946, ko je z njo opisal ločnico, ki je potekala od Baltika do Trsta. Izraz je sicer uporabil že ruski književnik Vasilij Vasiljevič Rozanov leta 1918 in z njim opisal osamitev Sovjetske zveze od preostale Evrope. Jugoslavija je bila onstran železne zavese dejansko le do leta 1948, ko je prišlo do spora s Sovjetsko zvezo. Kasneje so se njene meje proti zahodnim (»kapitalističnim«) sosedam čedalje bolj odpirale.

Del železne zavese je potekal med Vzhodno in Zahodno Nemčijo in v Berlinu je dejansko obstajal zid (t. i. berlinski zid), ki je fizično ločil oba dela Nemčije. Sicer je železna zavesa potekala po vsej Evropi, od Severnega morja do Sredozemskega in Črnega morja.

Železna zavesa je poleg ideološke pregrade predstavljala tudi gospodarsko, jezikovno in kulturno bariero.

Churchillov govor

Winston Churchill' je v svojem govoru »Sinews of Peace« [Sile miru] 5. marca 1946 na Westminstrskem kolidžu v Fultonu (Misuri, ZDA)[1] javno uporabil izraz »železna zavesa« v kontekstu Vzhodne Evrope pod sovjetskim vplivom:

Železna zavesa, kot jo je opisal Churchill na Westminstrskem kolidžu. Dunaj (sredina, desna območja, tretje spodaj) leži vzhodno od zavese kot del Avstrije, ki jo je zasedla Sovjetska zveza.

Od Szczecina ob Baltiku do Trsta na Jadranu se je nad celino spustila železna zavesa. Za to črto ležijo vse prestolnice starih držav Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope. Varšava, Berlin, Praga, Dunaj, Budimpešta, Beograd, Bukarešta in Sofija; vsa ta slavna mesta in njihovo prebivalstvo ležijo v tem, kar moram poimenovati sovjetska sfera, in so v eni ali drugi obliki podvrežene ne le sovjetskemu vplivu, ampak v nekaterih primerih tudi vse večjemu nadzoru Moskve.[2]

Sklici

  1. ↑ Sinews of Peace, 1946
  2. ↑ Churchill, Winston (5. marec 1946). »The Sinews of Peace ('Iron Curtain Speech')«. Winstonchurchill.org. International Churchill Society. Pridobljeno 2. decembra 2017.

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