Pád (jazykoveda)

Pád je prostriedok vyjadrujúci gramatickú kategóriu podstatného mena, ktorá umožňuje vyjadriť syntaktickú funkciu tohto podstatného mena vo vete. Zmeny podstatného mena v závislosti od pádu sa nazývajú skloňovanie.

V rôznych jazykoch sveta je gramatických pádov viac alebo menej, napríklad nemčina rozlišuje len štyri pády: nominatív, genitív, datív a akuzatív.[1]

Pády v slovenčine

V slovenčine sa vyskytujú tieto pády:

Kedysi bol ako ďalší pád uvádzaný aj vokatív (t.j. tvary typu Bože, šéfe, synu). V súčasnosti sa však väčšinou nepovažuje za samostatný pád, lebo jeho tvary sa pokladajú za druh (štylistický variant) nominatívu.[2][3][4] Namiesto tvarov vokatívu sa dnes spravidla používajú základné tvary nominatívu (napr. šéf namiesto šéfe).[2][3][4] Podľa niektorých názorov sa (nielen slovenský) vokatív nepovažuje za pád z toho dôvodu, že na rozdiel od nominatívu, genitívu atď. nevyjadruje vzťah medzi tvarmi slov vo vete, ale je orientovaný mimo vety.[5]

Referencie

  1. ↑ MARKO, E. Príručná gramatika nemčiny. Bratislava: SPN, 1991, S. 127
  2. ↑ a b KOČIŠ, F. Pád. In: Pyramída, 1982 (Citát: "Vokatív, ktorý sa v staršej gramatike označoval ako 5. pád, sa dnes v spisovnej slovenčine nepokladá za osobitný pád. Tvary vokatívu sa ako oslovenia pokladajú za istý druh nominatívu")
  3. ↑ a b MIKO, František. K otázka vokatívu v spisovnej slovenčine. Slovenská reč (Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied), 1961, roč. 26, čís. 1, s. 32 – 40. Dostupné online [cit. 2022-01-09]. ISSN 1338-4279.
  4. ↑ a b MIKO, František. Niektoré typy nominatívu. Slovenská reč (Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied), 1960, roč. 25, čís. 1, s. 25 – 38. Dostupné online. ISSN 1338-4279.
  5. ↑ NAVRÁTIL, Ladislav. Skloňovanie podstatných mien. Nitra : Enigma, 1996. 81 s. ISBN 80-85471-36-1. S. 24.

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