Fiála

Fiály na Chráme sv. Barbory v Kutnej Hore

Fiála je architektonický prvok uplatňujúci sa v gotickej architektúre. Ide o štíhly ihlan posádzaný krabmi a ukončený krížovou kyticou, umiestnený spravidla na vrcholoch pilierov oporného systému gotickej katedrály. Môže však byť použitý aj na dekoráciu iných prvkov, napríklad štítov budov, architektonického orámovania okien, portálov, ník na osadzovanie sôch, baldachýnov a podobne.

Fiála svojou vertikálou vyjadruje stredovekú túžbu po priblížení sa k nebu a k Bohu.[1] Z výtvarného hľadiska výrazne podtrhuje vertikalizmus gotických stavieb. Má však aj konštrukčný význam, lebo fiály svojou váhou aktívne spolupôsobia ako súčasť gotického oporného systému pri rozklade tlaku klenby.

Okrem architektúry sa fiály (rovnako ako ostatné gotické architektonické články) hojne uplatňovali aj pri dekoráciách truhlárskych (oltárne nadstavce, stally ap.) či klenotníckych (monštrancie, relikviáre ap.) výrobkov.

V období neskorej gotiky tvorili fiály často, napríklad v nadstavcoch oltárnych skríň, bohaté fiálové zrastence – fiálové veže. Vidno ich napríklad na hlavnom oltári Majstra Pavla z Levoče v chráme svätého Jakuba v Levoči, kde fiálový nadstavec dosahuje výšku takmer desať metrov.

Detail portálu Starej radnice v Brne s krútenými fiálami, Anton Pilgram, 1510 – 1511

V období neskorej gotiky, na začiatku 16. storočia, došlo tiež v rámci rafinovanej formálnej hry s gotickými prvkami k ich deformácii, ohýbaniu, krúteniu, „zosýchaniu“, takže sa objavujú deformované fiály. Táto deformácia gotických prvkov vyjadruje relativizovanie stredovekých hodnôt a myšlienkový posun smerom k renesancii, alebo skôr manierizmu.

Deformované fiály sú často súčasťou spomínaných oltárnych nadstavcov. Najvýraznejším príkladom tohoto deformovania fiál je však kamenný ozdobný nadstavec portálu Starej radnice v Brne, ktorý vytvoril v rokoch 1510 – 1511 majster Anton Pilgram. Krajná z pätice fiál (zľava) je tu „prekrútená“ o 45 %, druhá a štvrtá fiála sú, hoci zdanlivo zhodné, tvorené mierne odlišným spôsobom, tretia (stredná) fiála je výrazne prehnutá a naklonená na ľavú stranu. Výrazne „prekrútený“ je tiež baldachýn z ktorého rastie štvrtá fiála. Prvá a piata fiála potom vyrastá z vyššie spomenutého fiáloveho zrastenca. Celý neskorogotický portál je tak výbornou ukážkou slohového rozkladu ku ktorému prišlo v období neskorej gotiky.

Referencie

  1. ↑ E. Ullmann, Svět gotické katedrály. Praha 1987, str. 10, 20 aj.

Literatúra

  • J. Herout, Slabikář návštěvníků památek. Praha 1978, str. 130
  • Ottův slovník naučný, heslo Fiála. Sv. 9, str. 157

Iné projekty

  • Spolupracuj na Commons Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Fiála

Externé odkazy

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Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Fiála na českej Wikipédii.

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