Ampér

Ampér (symbol A)[1] je jednotkou SI pre elektrický prúd[2] a je jednou zo siedmich[3] základných jednotiek SI. Bol pomenovaný po André-Marie Ampèrovi ( 1775 - 1836), francúzskom matematikovi a fyzikovi, ktorého považujeme za otca elektrodynamiky.

Ampér sa používa na vyjadrenie toku elektrického náboja. 1 ampér sa rovná prenosu 1 coulombu za 1 sekundu [4], čiže:

1 A = 1 C/s, alebo: 1 A = 1 C.s-1

Ampér by sa nemal zamieňať s Coulombom (ampér-sekundou). Ampér je jednotkou toku elektrického prúdu, čiže množstva prechádzajúceho náboja za jednotku času, coulomb je jednotkou elektrického náboja.

Definícia

Ilustrácia definície ampéra

Ampérov silový zákon[5] hovorí, že medzi dvoma vodičmi vedúcimi elektrický prúd existuje príťažlivá alebo odpudivá sila. Táto sila je použitá vo formálnej definícii ampéra: Ampér je stály elektrický prúd, ktorý pri prechode dvomi priamymi rovnobežnými nekonečne dlhými vodičmi zanedbateľného kruhového prierezu umiestnenými vo vákuu vo vzájomnej vzdialenosti 1 meter vyvolá medzi nimi stálu silu 2×10−7 newtona na 1 meter dĺžky vodiča.[6]

Jednotka SI pre náboj, coulomb, je množstvo náboja preneseného prúdom 1 A za 1 s.[7] A opačne prúd 1 A predstavuje pretečenie náboja 1 C daným bodom vodiča za 1 s.

História

Ampér bol pôvodne definovaný ako desatina jednotky elektrického prúdu v sústave CGS. Tá jednotka sa dnes volá ampér a bola definovaná ako množstvo prúdu, ktoré pri prechode 1 cm vodičov vzdialených 1 cm vyvolá silu 2 dyny.[8]

Medzinárodný ampér bol predchodcom ampéra; bol definovaný ako prúd, ktorý z roztoku dusičnanu strieborného vylúči 0,001 118 000 gramov striebra za sekundu.[9] Neskoršie merania určili tento prúd na 0,995 85 A.

Ako vhodnejšia definícia bola navrhnutá definícia ampéra pomocou toku elementárneho náboja. Keďže coulomb sa rovná približne 6.2415093×1018 elementárnych nábojov (ako napr. elektrónov), tak jeden ampér sa rovná prechodu  6.2415093×1018 elementárnych nábojov bodom vodiča za 1 sekundu. Navrhovaná zmena by zadefinovala 1 A ako prúd v smere toku daného počtu elementárnych nábojov za sekundu.[10]

Referencie

  1. ↑ PAULIČKA, Ivan (a kol.). Všeobecný encyklopedický slovník A-F. [s.l.] : Ottovo nakladatelství, s.r.o., 2005. ISBN 80-7181-618-3.
  2. ↑ Base unit definitions: Ampere. Physics.nist.gov. Retrieved on 2010-09-28.
  3. ↑ Ďalších 6 je meter, kelvin, sekunda, Mól, kandela, and kilogram
  4. ↑ , ISBN 978-0-307-33598-2 
  5. ↑ SERWAY, Raymond A; JEWETT, JW. Serway's principles of physics: a calculus based text. Fourth. vyd. Belmont, CA : Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2006. Dostupné online. ISBN 0-53449143-X. S. 746.
  6. ↑ , ISBN 0-471-49180-2 .
  7. ↑  .
  8. ↑  .
  9. ↑  
  10. ↑  .

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