PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Variovorax

Variovorax
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Betaproteobacteria
Order:
Burkholderiales
Family:
Comamonadaceae
Genus:
Variovorax

Willems et al. 1991[1]
Type species
Variovorax paradoxus[1]
Species

V. boronicumulans[1]
V. defluvii[1]
V. dokdonensis[1]
V. ginsengisoli[1]
V. gossypii[1]
V. guangxiensis[1]
V. humicola[1]
V. paradoxus[1]
V. soli[1]

Surface activities in Variovorax paradoxus

Variovorax is a gram-negative bacterial genus from the family Comamonadaceae.[2][3] Its designated species is Variovorax paradoxus which arose from the species Alcaligenes paradoxus being grouped under the Variovorax genus.[4] The cell size of Variovorax is 0.5–0.6 μm × 1.2–3.0 μm[5] and the optimal growth temperature is 30 degrees Celsius.[6] The bacteria utilise various organic compounds as a carbon source, including fructose, galactose, and glucose, in order to promote plant growth.[7]

Characteristics

Variovorax cells function alone or in pairs, and use a flagellum to move around.[7]They contain carotenoid pigments which leads to a yellow appearance of the colonies. The bacteria are tolerate to a wide variety of metals including cobalt, copper, and nickel, which allows for the bacteria to survive in many environments.[8]

Habitat and occurrence

Bacteria of the Variovorax genus can often be found in damp, dark conditions of soil and water.[9] The bacteria can also be found in a variety of diverse habitats, including the rhizosphere,[10] which is a section of soil in close proximity to the root microbiome. Other habitats that have been recognised include glacial settings, soils contaminated with chemicals and plastics, and riverbed sediments.[11]

Environmental function

Variovorax species have many diverse roles in their environmental surroundings, a noticeable one being promoting plant growth. There is a variety of mechanisms by which the bacteria can accomplish this, including the preventing of plant pathogens being produced, reducing the amount of stress a plant undergoes, and also increasing the number of nutrients that are available.[12] Other roles can also be witnessed, including the cycling of various elements across a range of environments including arsenic.[13] It is thought to oxidise As (III) to As (V) via a detoxification mechanism.[14]

Another potential use which has been discovered for the Variovorax genus is its role in bioremediation studies.[15] Variovorax paradoxus has been found to be a potential use in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with linuron, which could be depolluted through biopurification via bioaugmentation.[7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Parte, A.C. "Variovorax". LPSN.
  2. ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (1 January 2003). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M. (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Variovorax". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.1832.
  3. ↑ Willems, Anne; Mergaert, Joris; Swings, Jean (14 September 2015). "Variovorax". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–9. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00952. ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8.
  4. ↑ (Davis et al. 1969) Willems et al. 1991. (2022-08-18). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M. (eds.). "Name Abstract for Variovorax paradoxus". Names for Life, LLC. doi:10.1601/nm.1833.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Willems, A.; De Ley, J.; Gillis, M.; Kersters, K. (1991). "NOTES: Comamonadaceae, a New Family Encompassing the Acidovorans rRNA Complex, Including Variovorax paradoxus gen. nov., comb. nov., for Alcaligenes paradoxus (Davis 1969)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 41 (3): 445–450. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-3-445. ISSN 1466-5034.
  6. ↑ DAVIS, DIANA H.; DOUDOROFF, MICHAEL; STANIER, ROGER Y.; MANDEL, MANLEY (1969). "Proposal to reject the genus Hydrogenomonas: Taxonomic implications". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 19 (4): 375–390. doi:10.1099/00207713-19-4-375. ISSN 1466-5034.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Satola, Barbara; Wübbeler, Jan Hendrik; Steinbüchel, Alexander (2013-01-01). "Metabolic characteristics of the species Variovorax paradoxus". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97 (2): 541–560. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4585-z. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 23192768.
  8. ↑ Belimov, A. A.; Hontzeas, N.; Safronova, V. I.; Demchinskaya, S. V.; Piluzza, G.; Bullitta, S.; Glick, B. R. (2005-02-01). "Cadmium-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.)". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 37 (2): 241–250. Bibcode:2005SBiBi..37..241B. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.033. ISSN 0038-0717.
  9. ↑ Lee, J.; Lee, C. S.; Hugunin, K. M.; Maute, C. J.; Dysko, R. C. (2010-09-01). "Bacteria from drinking water supply and their fate in gastrointestinal tracts of germ-free mice: A phylogenetic comparison study". Water Research. Microbial ecology of drinking water and waste water treatment processes. 44 (17): 5050–5058. Bibcode:2010WatRe..44.5050L. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.027. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 20705313.
  10. ↑ Lee, Shin Ae; Kim, Hyeon Su; Kim, Yiseul; Sang, Mee Kyung; Song, Jaekyeong; Weon, Hang-Yeon (2018). "Complete genome sequence of Variovorax sp. PMC12, a plant growth-promoting bacterium conferring multiple stress resistance in plants". Korean Journal of Microbiology. 54 (4): 471–473. doi:10.7845/kjm.2018.8075. ISSN 0440-2413.
  11. ↑ Ghimire, Nisha; Kim, Byeollee; Lee, Chang-Muk; Oh, Tae-Jin (2022-05-18). "Comparative genome analysis among Variovorax species and genome guided aromatic compound degradation analysis emphasizing 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation in Variovorax sp. PAMC26660". BMC Genomics. 23 (1): 375. doi:10.1186/s12864-022-08589-3. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 9115942. PMID 35585492.
  12. ↑ Han, Jong-In; Choi, Hong-Kyu; Lee, Seung-Won; Orwin, Paul M.; Kim, Jina; LaRoe, Sarah L.; Kim, Tae-gyu; O'Neil, Jennifer; Leadbetter, Jared R.; Lee, Sang Yup; Hur, Cheol-Goo (2011-03-01). "Complete Genome Sequence of the Metabolically Versatile Plant Growth-Promoting Endophyte Variovorax paradoxus S110". Journal of Bacteriology. 193 (5): 1183–1190. doi:10.1128/JB.00925-10. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 3067606. PMID 21183664.
  13. ↑ Bahar, Md Mezbaul; Megharaj, Mallavarapu; Naidu, Ravi (2013-11-15). "Kinetics of arsenite oxidation by Variovorax sp. MM-1 isolated from a soil and identification of arsenite oxidase gene". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 262: 997–1003. Bibcode:2013JHzM..262..997B. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.064. PMID 23290483.
  14. ↑ Macur, Richard E.; Jackson, Colin R.; Botero, Lina M.; Mcdermott, Timothy R.; Inskeep, William P. (2004-01-01). "Bacterial Populations Associated with the Oxidation and Reduction of Arsenic in an Unsaturated Soil". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (1): 104–111. Bibcode:2004EnST...38..104M. doi:10.1021/es034455a. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 14740724.
  15. ↑ Han, Jong-In; Choi, Hong-Kyu; Lee, Seung-Won; Orwin, Paul M.; Kim, Jina; LaRoe, Sarah L.; Kim, Tae-gyu; O'Neil, Jennifer; Leadbetter, Jared R.; Lee, Sang Yup; Hur, Cheol-Goo (2011-02-09). "Complete Genome Sequence of the Metabolically Versatile Plant Growth-Promoting Endophyte Variovorax paradoxus S110". Journal of Bacteriology. 193 (5): 1183–1190. doi:10.1128/JB.00925-10. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 3067606. PMID 21183664.

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.