Type (biology)

Type specimen for Marocaster coronatus

In biology, a type is a specimen, or example, of a specific living thing or taxon, which is a group of specific living things. For example, if a scientist catches one frog that is not any species of frog that scientists already know, then that frog is the type of a new species of frog. That species will have a new scientific name. In older English writings from before 1900, plant scientists used the word type for groups of living things instead of specimens.[1]

A taxon is a group of living things with a scientific name. Taxons can be small or large. A species is a taxon. A genus is a taxon. A kingdom is a taxon. Taxons are based on published papers with lots of information in them and on type material. Scientists show the type material to other scientists so they can study it. They usually do this by putting the material in museums' research collections.[1][2]

Type specimen

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) make rules for type specimens. In these rules, the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on just one specimen. Types are usually specimens that are kept in a museum or herbarium research collection. These types are usually whole organisms in a preservative, for example alcohol. Sometimes they are just pictures of the organisms.[3] Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and alpha taxonomy.

Depending on the naming code for the organism, a type can be a specimen, a culture, a drawn picture, or (for bacteria) a description.

For example, in the research collection of the Natural History Museum in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is the specimen for the spotted harrier, Circus assimilis. This specimen is the holotype for that species; the name Circus assimilis is, by definition, the species of that particular specimen.

Scientists do not need to make sure that the specimen they use as a type is a "typical" individual in that taxon. The type can be a different color from other members of its taxon. It can be deformed or different.[1][2][4]

The use of the term type is complicated because botany and zoology use it differently. In the PhyloCode, type-based definitions are replaced by phylogenetic definitions.

Type locality

The type locality is the place where the scientists found the type specimen.[5]

Older words

In some older books about taxonomy, writers use the word "type" differently. Some use it to mean "taxon."[6][7][8]

Other websites

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hitchcock, A.S. (1921), "The Type Concept in Systematic Botany", American Journal of Botany, 8 (5): 251–255, doi:10.2307/2434993, JSTOR 2434993
  2. 2.0 2.1 Nicholson, Dan H. "Botanical nomenclature, types, & standard reference works". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  3. Marshall, Stephen A.; Evenhuis, Neal L. (2015). "New species without dead bodies: a case for photo-based descriptions, illustrated by a striking new species of Marleyimyia Hesse (Diptera, Bombyliidae) from South Africa". ZooKeys (525): 117–127. doi:10.3897/zookeys.525.6143. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4607853. PMID 26487819.
  4. "Plant names – a basic introduction". Australian National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  5. "EarthWord: Type Locality". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  6. de Candolle, A.P. (1867). Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée à la congrès. Genève et Bale: J.-B. Baillière et fils.
  7. Weddell (1868). "Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the French; Reprinted from the English translation published by L. Reeve and Co., London, 1868 (with three-page commentary by Asa Gray)". The American Journal of Science and Arts. Series II, Volume 46 (63–74, 75–77).
  8. Crépin, F. (1886). "Rosa Synstylae: études sur les roses de la section Synstyleés". Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 25 (2: Comptes-redus des séances de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique): 163–217.

Read other articles:

Prayogo Nugroho Prayogo Nugroho (lahir 27 Juli 1992)[1] adalah seorang politikus Indonesia kelahiran Balikpapan.[2] Ia adalah putra dari Djoko Nugroho, Bupati Blora periode 2010-2015 dan 2016-2021.[3] Ia merupakan anggota legislatif dari Partai Nasdem dapil V, yang meliputi Blora dan Grobogan.[1] Referensi ^ a b Gus Tafa Anggota Termuda, Prayogo Fokus Pertanian dan Peternakan. Radar Semarang.  ^ Jadi Anggota DPRD Jateng di Usia Muda, Kak Prayogo Ajak Milen...

 

JO1

JO1ジェイオーワンJO1 pada bulan November 2023Informasi latar belakangAsalChiba, Jepang[1]GenreJ-Pop[2][3]K-Pop[3][4]Tahun aktif2020 (2020)–sekarangLabelLapone EntertainmentSitus webhttps://jo1.jpAnggota Issei Mamehara Junki Kono Keigo Sato Ren Kawashiri Ruki Shiroiwa Shion Tsurubo Sho Yonashiro Shosei Ohira Sukai Kinjo Syoya Kimata Takumi Kawanishi JO1 (ジェイオーワンcode: ja is deprecated , Jeiōwan) adalah grup vokal pria asal Je...

 

Melayu: Tune Hotels Regional Services Sdn Bhdcode: ms is deprecated Tamil: ட்யூன் ஹோட்டல் company_logo = Jenisperusahaan terbatasIndustriJaringan hotel, PariwisataKantorpusatPetaling Jaya, SelangorTokohkunciTan Sri Tony Fernandes, Pendiri & Pemegang Saham UtamaDato’ Seri Kalimullah Hassan, Pemegang Saham UtamaMark Lankester, CEOProdukPenginapan layanan terbatasSitus webTune Hotels.com Tune Hotels.com (Melayu: Tune Hotels Regional Services Sdn Bhdcode: ms is...

CGTN FrançaisCGTN bahasa PrancisDiluncurkan1 Oktober 2007PemilikChina Global Television NetworkNegara Republik Rakyat TiongkokBahasaBahasa PrancisSitus webCGTN FrançaisTelevisi InternetCGTNCGTN Français CGTN bahasa Prancis, sebelumnya CCTV-F, adalah saluran hiburan dan berita berbahasa Prancis yang terfokus pada jaringan televisi, CGTN di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Saluran ini melayani ke penonton internasional. Semua program memiliki subjudul bahasa Prancis. Ada juga program-program berita...

 

Untuk pengertian lain, lihat Marusu (disambiguasi). Koordinat: 5°01′43″S 119°28′07″E / 5.0286211°S 119.4686578°E / -5.0286211; 119.4686578 Marusu (Lontara Bugis: ᨆᨑᨘ)(Lontara Makassar: ᨆᨑᨘᨔᨘ)KecamatanKantor Kecamatan MarusuPeta Kecamatan Marusu dan pembagian wilayah administrasinyaMarusuLetak Kecamatan Marusu di Pulau SulawesiTampilkan peta SulawesiMarusuMarusu (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 5°01′43″S 119°28′07″E...

 

British children's television series This article is about the TV adaptation. For the book series, see Charlie and Lola. Charlie and LolaTitle cardCreated byLauren ChildBased onCharlie and Lola book seriesby Lauren ChildWritten by Dave Ingham Bridget Hurst Carol Noble Samantha Hill Anna Starkey Olly Smith Laura Beaumont Paul Larson Directed byKitty TaylorCreative directors Alan Kerswell Gary Dunn Leigh Hodgkinson Jonathan Hodgson Gideon Rigal Jim Nolan Voices of Jethro Lundie-Brown (S1) Maisi...

Film directed by Sally El Hosaini The SwimmersOfficial release posterDirected bySally El-HosainiScreenplay by Sally El-Hosaini Jack Thorne Produced by Eric Fellner Tim Bevan Ali Jaafar Tim Cole Starring Nathalie Issa Manal Issa Ahmed Malek Matthias Schweighöfer Ali Suliman Kinda Alloush James Krishna Floyd CinematographyChristopher RossEdited byIain KitchingMusic bySteven PriceProductioncompanies Working Title Films Netflix Distributed byNetflixRelease dates September 8, 2022 ...

 

Voce principale: Supercupen. Supercupen 2014 Competizione Supercupen Sport Calcio Edizione 8ª Luogo  Svezia Partecipanti 2 Risultati Vincitore Malmö FF(2º titolo) Secondo Elfsborg Statistiche Incontri disputati 1 Pubblico 1 266 (1 266 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 2013 2015 Manuale La Supercupen 2014 è stata l'8ª edizione della Supercupen, annuale incontro tra la vincitrice della Allsvenskan e la vincitrice della Svenska Cupen. La partita si è stata di...

 

Setiap gambar merupakan fungsi gelombang yang memenuhi persamaan Schrödinger tak-gayut waktu untuk osilator harmonis.Kiri: bagian riil (biru) dan bagian imajiner (kanan) dari fungsi gelombang.Kanan: distribusi probabilitas dalam menemukan partikel dengan fungsi gelombang ini pada posisi tertentu.Kedua baris teratas adalah contoh keadaan stasioner. Baris bawah adalah contoh keadaan non stasioner. Kolom sebelah kanan menunjukkan mengapa keadaan stasioner disebut stasioner. Fungsi gelombang dal...

Specifies the orbit of an object in space Fig. 1: Diagram of orbital elements, including the argument of periapsis (ω). Part of a series onAstrodynamics Orbital mechanics Orbital elements Apsis Argument of periapsis Eccentricity Inclination Mean anomaly Orbital nodes Semi-major axis True anomaly Types of two-body orbits by eccentricity Circular orbit Elliptic orbit Transfer orbit (Hohmann transfer orbitBi-elliptic transfer orbit) Parabolic orbit Hyperbolic orbit Radial orbit Decaying orbit E...

 

Cascate Vittoria Le cascate Vittoria viste da sud. Altri nomi Mosi-oa-Tunya Stati  Zambia  Zimbabwe Suddivisioni di III livello Livingstone (Zambia); Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe) Coordinate 17°55′30″S 25°51′18″E / 17.925°S 25.855°E-17.925; 25.855Coordinate: 17°55′30″S 25°51′18″E / 17.925°S 25.855°E-17.925; 25.855 Altitudine (base) 892 m s.l.m. Tipo cateratta Fiume Zambesi Altezza 128 m Salto massimo 108 m Portata m...

 

Woman who sells fish, or is loud and foul-mouthed For the punk band, see Fishwife (band). Detail of a Cullercoats fishlass, from Inside the Bar, by Winslow Homer 1883 A fishwife, fish-fag[1] or fishlass is a woman who sells fish.[2] She is typically the wife of a fisherman, selling her husband's catch, but other sources of fish have been used. Some wives and daughters of fishermen were notoriously loud and foul-mouthed, as noted in the expression, To swear like a fishwife as t...

2008 UK local government election 2008 Stevenage Borough Council election ← 2007 1 May 2008 2010 → 13 of the 39 seats to Stevenage Borough Council20 seats needed for a majority   First party Second party   Party Labour Conservative Last election 32 3 Seats before 32 2† Seats won 8 4 Seats after 30 5 Seat change 2 3 Popular vote 8,361 7,382 Percentage 40.1% 35.4%   Third party Fourth party   Party Liberal Democrats UKIP ...

 

Sri Lankan politician (1941–2024) The HonourableGamini Jayawickrama PereraMinister of Buddha SasanaIn office20 December 2018 – 21 November 2019PresidentMaithripala SirisenaPrime MinisterRanil WickremesinghePreceded byUdaya GammanpilaSucceeded byMahinda Rajapaksa[N 1]In office25 August 2017 – 26 October 2018PresidentMaithripala SirisenaPrime MinisterRanil WickremesinghePreceded byWijeyadasa RajapaksheSucceeded byUdaya Gammanpila [N 2]Minister of Wayamba ...

 

Oliver AskewAskew di Road America 2021Kebangsaan Amerika SerikatLahir12 Desember 1996 (umur 27)Melbourne, Florida, Amerika SerikatKarier Seri IndyCar17 lomba dalam kurun waktu 2 tahunTimNo. 7 (Arrow McLaren SP), No 45 (Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing)Lomba pertama2020 Genesys 300 (Texas)Lomba terakhir2021 Acura Grand Prix of Long Beach (Long Beach) Menang Podium Pole 0 1 0 Karier Formula EMusim debut2021–22Tim saat iniAvalanche Andretti Formula ENomor mobil28Ajang sebelumnya20192018201...

Ini adalah nama Batak Angkola, marganya adalah Pane. Sanusi PaneLahir(1905-11-14)14 November 1905Muara Sipongi, Mandailing, Keresidenan TapanuliMeninggal2 Januari 1968(1968-01-02) (umur 62)JakartaPekerjaanPenulis, sejarawan, redakturBahasaIndonesia, BelandaKebangsaanIndonesiaAlmamaterKweekschool,Rechtshoogeschool te BataviaPeriodeAngkatan Pujangga BaruGenrePuisi, drama, terjemahan, nonfiksiTemaSejarah dan spiritualitas NusantaraKarya terkenalAirlanggaPenghargaanHadiah Sastra dari Pe...

 

Clerical political conception within the Catholic ChurchNot to be confused with Montanism. An image of Pope Alexander I. Ultramontane Catholics emphasized the authority of the pope over temporal affairs of civil governments as well as the spiritual affairs of the Church. Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. It contrasts with Gallicanism, the belief that popular civil authority—oft...

 

This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The economy of San Diego — of the city of San Diego and the Greater San Diego area, locat...

Outer moon of Jupiter LysitheaNear-infrared photograph of Lysithea (center) by the 2MASS surveyDiscovery [1]Discovered bySeth B. NicholsonDiscovery siteMt. Wilson ObservatoryDiscovery date6 July 1938DesignationsDesignationJupiter XPronunciation/laɪˈsɪθiə/[2][3]Named afterΛυσιθέα LysitheaAdjectivesLysithean /laɪˈsɪθiən/[4]Orbital characteristics [5]Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)Observation arc79.87 yr (29,1...

 

Univision TV station in Los Angeles KMEX-DTLos Angeles, CaliforniaUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 34 (UHF)Virtual: 34BrandingUnivision 34ProgrammingAffiliations34.1: Univision34.2: UniMásfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerTelevisaUnivision(KMEX License Partnership, G.P.)Sister stationsKFTR-DTKLVEKRCDKSCAHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 29, 1962(61 years ago) (1962-09-29)Former call signsKMEX-TV (1962–2009)Former channel number(s)Analog: 34 (UHF, 1962–2009)Digital: 35 ...