Problem of evil

The problem of evil is the question whether evil exists, and if so whether it disproves the existence of God.[1] Certain religions say there is a deity (or god) who is all-loving, all-knowing and all-powerful. In these religions, the question to answer is how an all-loving and all-powerful god could allow evil to exist.

Responses include the argument that if there is free will, evil must necessarily exist; that humans cannot understand God; that evil is simply being without god; or that there is evil because the world is corrupted and fallen (from divine grace).

Logical problem of evil

A version of the problem of evil, which might have been asked by Epicurus,[2] goes like this:[3]

  1. If a perfectly good god exists, then evil does not.
  2. There is evil in the world.
  3. Therefore, a perfectly good god does not exist.

Another argument goes:

  1. God exists.
  2. God is all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good.
  3. A perfectly good being would want to prevent all evils.
  4. An all-knowing being knows every way in which evils can happen.
  5. An all-powerful being, who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, has the power to prevent that evil from happening.
  6. A being who knows every way in which an evil can happen, who is able to prevent that evil from happening, and who wants to do so, would prevent it.
  7. If there exists an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good being, then no evil exists.
  8. Evil exists (logical contradiction).[4]

Arguments such as these are about the logical problem of evil. They attempt to show that the assumed propositions lead to a logical contradiction and cannot therefore all be correct.

A common response is that God can exist with and allow evil in order to achieve a greater good. Some philosophers accept that arguments such as "God allows evil in order to achieve the greater good of free will" are logically possible and thus solve the logical problem of evil.[5] Since the aim is only to defeat the assertion that God and evil are logically incompatible, even a highly implausible instance of God's coexistence with evil is sufficient for the purpose.[6][needs simplifying]

Philosophies of science have approached the problem from the angle of empiricism. For logical positivism the issue with God is the lack of any independent method of verification. In their view, this makes the proposition "God exists" not true or false, but meaningless.[7] A similar position points to the lack of any way the proposition might be falsified.[8]

References

  1. ↑ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [1] The problem of evil]", Michael Tooley
  2. ↑ Perhaps wrongly attributed to Epicurus by Lactantius, who, from his Christian perspective, regarded Epicurus as an atheist. According to Reinhold Glei, the argument of theodicy is from a source which is anti-epicurean. Reinhold F. Glei 1988. Et invidus et inbecillus. Das angebliche Epikurfragment bei Laktanz, De ira dei 13,20-21, in: Vigiliae Christianae 42 p47-58
  3. ↑ Larrimore M.J. 2001. The problem of evil. Wiley-Blackwell.
  4. ↑ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The evidential problem of evil Nick Trakakis
  5. ↑ Meister, Chad (2009). Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0415403276.
  6. ↑ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The logical problem of evil James R. Beebe
  7. ↑ Ayer A.J 1936 [2nd ed 1946]. Language, truth and logic. Gollancz, London.
  8. ↑ Lakatos, Imre 1976. Proofs and refutations. Cambridge.