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Parkinson's disease (or PD, sometimes simply "Parkinson's") is a disease that slowly damages the central nervous system.

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spine. When a person gets Parkinson's disease, the cells that make dopamine in a part of the brain die. Dopamine cells send information to other cells which makes us do the actions we do.^[1]^[2] Because of this, Parkinson's disease mainly affects the body's motor system.

Parkinson's disease is a disease that gets worse over time. People normally get Parkinson's disease when they are over 50 years old. It is sometimes very hard for doctors to detect.

Causes

Doctors are studying the exact causes of Parkinson's. It is said that Parkinson's develops through a combination of genetic errors and several possible influences, but not much is known. Doctors have discovered some clues about the cause(s).^[3] It is caused by the destruction of specialised ganglions in the brain. The production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, reduces. Parkinson's can also be genetic. But research shows that genetic Parkinson's is not normal, and is uncommon.^[4] Parkinson's disease is more frequent among those who work with pesticides ^[5] or have had a history of head injuries.^[6]

Research suggests that people are slightly less likely to get Parkinson's disease if they smoke cigarettes.^[7]

Symptoms

Parkinson's disease can cause the brain to not respond. The patient may become paralyzed. The disease can give the patient slow reaction time and poor coordination between the hand and the brain.

It hurts the patient's movement skills and their speech. It can also affect mood, behavior and thinking. A common symptom of Parkinson’s disease is tremors. Tremors cause people's hands, legs, and arms to shake. Some symptoms include skin problems, depression, and difficulty swallowing.^[2]

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease include stiff muscles and trouble with movement. This disease gives patients slow reaction time. It makes it hard for them to do simple things like walking and talking. It also causes depression and other emotional changes.^[8]

Treatments

Parkinson's disease cannot be completely cured yet. Still, people have tried to cure it with drugs. One treatment is to put back the lost dopamine. A group of drugs called dopamine receptor agonists acts similarly to dopamine when put in the brain. There are four different drugs included in that group. Many patients take one of those with another drug. That other drug is called L-dopa. Unlike the dopamine, the L-dopa can enter the brain. The dopamine cannot enter the brain. This is why many patients take L-dopa and dopamine together. In the beginning, L-dopa helps a lot. But as the disease develops, the L-dopa doesn't work as well. Two other drugs used are anticholinergics and selegiline. They both help lessen symptoms. Anticholinergics help the patient stop shaking. Selegiline is meant to protect the nerves in the central nervous system. Selegiline is not often used. This is because there is no real proof that it helps.^[4]

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgery that is used on some people who suffer from Parkinson's disease.^[9]

References

↑ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. "Ninds Parkinson's Disease Information Page." Health and Wellness Resource Center.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2004. Health and Wellness Resource Center. 2011.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "NINDS Parkinson's disease information page". Health and Wellness Resource Center. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
↑ "What Causes Parkinson's Disease?". NIH Senior Health. National Institute of Health. June 2012. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Weiner, William (2016). "Parkinson Disease". World Book Online. World Book Advanced. Retrieved February 22, 2016.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ Ascherio, Alberto; Chen, Honglei; Weisskopf, Marc G.; O'Reilly, Ellis; McCullough, Marjorie L.; Calle, Eugenia E.; Schwarzschild, Michael A.; Thun, Michael J. (August 2006). "Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson's disease". Annals of Neurology. 60 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1002/ana.20904. PMID 16802290. S2CID 1479583.
↑ Crane, Paul K.; Gibbons, Laura E.; Dams-O'Connor, Kristen; Trittschuh, Emily; Leverenz, James B.; Keene, C. Dirk; Sonnen, Joshua; Montine, Thomas J.; Bennett, David A. (September 1, 2016). "Association of Traumatic Brain Injury With Late-Life Neurodegenerative Conditions and Neuropathologic Findings". JAMA Neurology. 73 (9): 1062–1069. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1948. ISSN 2168-6149. PMC 5319642. PMID 27400367.
↑ Vineis, Paulo; Cancellieri, Mariagrazia; Chiodini, Paolo; Barker, Roger A.; Brayne, Carol; et al. (June 2019). "Exploring causality of the association between smoking and Parkinson's disease". International Journal of Epidemiology. 48 (3): 912–925. doi:10.1093/ije/dyy230. PMC 6659366. PMID 30462234.
↑ Weiner, William J. "Parkinson disease." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2016. Web. February 22, 2016.
↑ "Deep brain stimulation - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Retrieved June 22, 2020.