Multinational corporation

Multinational corporations (MNC) or multinational enterprises (MNE) are organizations which own or control production of goods or services in countries other than the home country.[1][2] They include large corporations which produce or sell goods or services in various countries.[3] They may be referred as 'international' or 'transnational' or 'stateless' corporations.[4]

MNCs play an important role in globalization. Arguably, the first multinational business organization was the "Knights Templar" , founded in 1120.[5][6][7] After that came the British East India Company in 1600[8] and the Dutch East India Company which started in1602 and would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years.[9] These were made by national legislation to conduct international trade for their home countries.

The behavior of MNCs is much discussed.

Conflict of laws

Conflict of laws is about which legal system and which national jurisdiction applies to a given dispute.

The term comes from situations where here is disagreement as to where a dispute should be legally settled in court. The three branches of conflict of laws are:

  • Jurisdiction – whether the forum court has the power to resolve the dispute at hand
  • Choice of law – the law being applied to resolve the dispute
  • Foreign judgments – the ability to recognize and enforce a judgment from an external forum within the jurisdiction of the adjudicating forum.

Conflict of taxation

Companies usually arrange their affairs to avoid or diminish taxation. This issue attracts much attention. Obviously, tax rates and tax regulations differ from country to country. If an organisation sets up subsidiaries in every country where it has significant business, few problems arise. The subsidiaries pay tax on whatever activities the company does in that place.

However, companies always try to minimise tax. Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. Out of the five largest American technology companies it pays the lowest taxes to countries where its revenue comes from. The company does this partly by licensing technology through subsidiaries in Ireland, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Netherlands.[10] This reportedly sparked a 2012 French investigation into Google's "transfer pricing" methods.[11]

Google Vice President Matt Britt in 2013 told the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales, hence owed no sales tax to the UK.[12]

Transnational corporations

A transnational corporation (TNC) differs from a traditional MNC in that it does not identify itself with one national home. While traditional MNCs are national companies with foreign subsidiaries,[13] TNCs spread out their operations in many countries sustaining high levels of local responsiveness.[14] An example of a TNC is Nestlé who employ senior executives from many countries and try to make decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralized headquarters.[15] Another example of a Transnational Corporation is the Royal Dutch Shell corporation whose headquarters may be in The Hague, Netherlands but its registered office and main executive body where the decisions are made is headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

References

  1. ↑ Pitelis, Christos; Roger Sugden (2000). The nature of the transnational firm. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 0-415-16787-6.
  2. ↑ "Multinational Corporations". www2.econ.iastate.edu.
  3. ↑ Doob, Christopher M. (2013). Social inequality and social stratification in US Society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
  4. ↑ Roy D. Voorhees, Emerson L. Seim, and John I. Coppett 1992. Global logistics and stateless corporations. Transportation Practitioners Journal 59, 2: 144-51.
  5. ↑ The History Channel, Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, July 10, 2006, video documentary written and directed by Stuart Elliott.
  6. ↑ Ralls, Karen (2007). Knights Templar Encyclopedia. Career Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-56414-926-8.
  7. ↑ Benson, Michael (2005). Inside Secret Societies. Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 90.
  8. ↑ http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/globalinc.jsp Archived 2003-12-22 at the Wayback Machine "GlobalInc. An Atlas of The Multinational Corporation" Medard Gabel & Henry Bruner, New York: The New Press , 2003. ISBN 1-56584-727-X
  9. ↑ http://www.kb.nl/dossiers/voc/voc.html Archived 2011-11-20 at the Wayback Machine VOC at the National Library of the Netherlands (in Dutch)
  10. ↑ Metz, Cade. "Google slips $3.1bn through 'Double Irish' tax loophole." The Register, October 22, 2010.
  11. ↑ Leach, Anna (October 31, 2012). "French gov 'plans to hand Google €1bn tax bill' – report". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  12. ↑ Brid-Aine Parnell, May 17, 2013 (May 17, 2013). "'I think you DO do evil, using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax'". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved March 13, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Drucker, Peter F. (1997). The Global Economy and the Nation State. Council on Foreign Relations. p. 167.
  14. ↑ Case study: The Relationship between the Structure/Strategy of Multinational Corporations and Patterns of Knowledge Sharing within them (PDF). Oxford University Press. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2014-12-31.
  15. ↑ Schermerhorn, John R. (2009). Exploring Management. John Wiley and Sons. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-470-16964-3.