In re Gault

In re Gault
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued December 16, 1966
Decided May 15, 1967
Full case nameIn re Gault et al.
Citations387 U.S. 1 (more)
87 S. Ct. 1428; 18 L. Ed. 2d 527; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 1478; 40 Ohio Op. 2d 378
Prior historyAppeal from the Supreme Court of Arizona
Holding
Juveniles tried for crimes in delinquency proceedings should have the right of due process protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, including the right to confront witnesses and the right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · William O. Douglas
Tom C. Clark · John M. Harlan II
William J. Brennan, Jr. · Potter Stewart
Byron White · Abe Fortas
Case opinions
MajorityFortas, joined by Warren, Douglas, Clark, Brennan
ConcurrenceBlack
ConcurrenceWhite
Concur/dissentHarlan
DissentStewart
Laws applied
U.S. Const. Amend. XIV

In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967), was a landmark case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1967. The Court ruled that juveniles (children and teenagers) have the same rights as adults when they are accused of a crime. For example, they have due process rights, like the right to have a lawyer, when they are being questioned by the police, and when they are on trial.

The Court's ruling in this case was so important for children's rights that Justice Earl Warren said it would become "the Magna Carta for juveniles."[1]

History

In the four years before the Supreme Court decided In re: Gault, the Court also decided some other very important cases about due process rights – the rights people have when they are accused of a crime. However, these rulings did not apply to children who were being tried in juvenile courts. The case was argued by Norman Dorsen in favor of the juveniles.

Rights for adults

Constitutional rights

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to ... the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."[2] ("Counsel" is a legal word for "lawyer.")

Also, the Fourteenth Amendment says that no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."[3]

Supreme Court cases

Based on these two amendments, the Supreme Court decided these landmark cases:

  • Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963): The Court ruled that having a lawyer is necessary for a fair trial. It ruled that any defendant charged with any crime had the right to a lawyer. If the defendant cannot pay for a lawyer, the state must assign them a free lawyer.
  • Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966): When a person is being asked whether they committed a crime, they do not have to answer. They cannot get in trouble for not answering. This is called the right against "self-incrimination" (the right not to say anything that proves you committed a crime). Before being questioned, a suspect must be told that they do not have to answer any questions.

These decisions, however, only applied to adult courts. While the Constitution never says that its rights are only for adults, American courts had never given juveniles the same due process rights as adults.[4]

Juvenile courts

In the United States' court system, there are separate courts for children who are accused of committing crimes or having behavior problems. These are called "juvenile courts."[5]

Every state has its own laws about their juvenile courts. However, usually, if the judge rules that the child is "delinquent," the judge can make that child a "ward of the court." This means the judge is putting the court in charge of the child, and taking that power away from the child's parents.[5] For the worst crimes, the court can decide to put the child in a special school, juvenile prison, or other program away from home, and keep them there until they turn 21.[5]

At the time that Gerald Gault was arrested, juveniles had very few rights in the juvenile justice system. For example, they could be put in jail without a trial, or without even knowing what crime they were being charged with.[5]

Background of the case

On June 8, 1964, a police officer arrested Gerald Gault, a fifteen-year-old. The sheriff did not tell Gault's parents that he had been arrested. He was arrested after a neighbor named Ora Cook who complained that she received an obscene, vulgar phone call. At the time, Gault was on probation. He had been put on probation for six months, starting February 25, 1964, for being with another boy who stole a woman's wallet.[6]

Meanwhile, Gault's mother came home and realized he was missing. She eventually found him at the county Children's Detention Home, but was she not allowed to take him home.[6] Without being charged with a crime, Gault had been put in a juvenile jail.

Gault has always said that his friend Ronald Lewis made the call to Cook from the Gault family's trailer. In 2007, Gault said that once he heard what Lewis said, he kicked Lewis out.[7]

Juvenile court hearings

First hearing

The next morning, Gault had his first court hearing, in front of Judge McGhee. Judge McGhee usually worked in the Gila County Superior Court (an adult court), but was working in the juvenile court that day.[8]

At the end of the hearing, Judge McGhee said he would think about what to do, and sent Gault back to jail. Gault was kept in jail for a few more days, then was sent home. Nobody ever explained why he was kept in jail or why he was let go.[6] The day he came home, his mother got a note saying that Judge McGhee had ordered another hearing.[9]

Second hearing

“ [In t]he section of the Arizona Criminal Code [about lewd phone calls] ... The penalty specified in the Criminal Code, which would apply to an adult, is $5 to $50, or imprisonment for not more than two months.

– Justice Abe Fortas, in the United States Supreme Court's later ruling[10] 		”

At the second hearing, McGhee ruled that Gault was "a delinquent child." This meant Gault had broken a state law.[11] McGhee ordered Gault to be sent to the State Industrial School[a] until he turned 21, unless the court decided to let him out before then. This punishment was based on a charge of "Lewd Phone Calls."[12] If Gault had been convicted of the same crime as an adult, the Arizona laws would have allowed a maximum punishment of two months in prison and a fine of $5 to $50.[10]

Problems with the hearings

Gault's accuser, Mrs. Cook, was not at either hearing, even though Mrs. Gault had asked for her to come so she could identify whether Gerald or his friend had made the phone calls.[13] Judge McGhee had said "she didn't have to be present."[14] Judge McGhee had never told Gault's parents that they could bring a lawyer to the hearings or call witnesses to defend Gerald.[15]

Also, nobody wrote a transcript (a record of exactly what was said) during either hearing. Because of this, there was no proof of what Gault or Judge McGhee said during these hearings. Later, Judge McGhee said Gault admitted to saying something "lewd" to Mrs. Cook.[6] Both of Gault's parents insisted that Gerald never admitted to doing anything wrong.[9][14]

Habeas corpus appeal

At the time, Arizona law did not allow juvenile cases to be appealed. Gault's parents hired a lawyer named Amelia Lewis, who petitioned the Arizona Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus.[15] This means they asked the Supreme Court to let Gerald go because his imprisonment was unfair. The Supreme Court sent the case to the Arizona Superior Court, a regular trial court, for a habeas corpus hearing. This hearing would decide whether Gault was sent to juvenile prison unfairly.

McGhee's arguments

The hearing was held on August 17, 1964. The Gaults' lawyer questioned Judge McGhee about the legal reasons for his actions. She asked McGhee to explain what laws he had used to find Gerald "delinquent."

McGhee gave several answers:[16]

  • Gerald used lewd language while another person could hear (this was a misdemeanor under the Arizona Revised Statutes § 13-377)[11]
  • Gerald was delinquent under ARS § 8-201(6)(d). This part of the law said that a delinquent child "habitually" (regularly) behaves in ways that "injure or endanger the morals or health of himself or others."[11] As evidence that Gerald was "habitually" dangerous, McGhee gave two reasons:
    • He said Gault admitted making "silly calls, or funny calls, or something like that" in the past[10]
    • Two years earlier, the juvenile court got a report saying Gault had stolen a baseball glove and lied to the police about it. However, the court never did anything about this because there was no proof

Judge McGhee also said that Gerald was already on probation. This played a part in his decision, he said.[17]

The court dismissed the habeas corpus petition.[10] It ruled that Judge McGhee had enough evidence and legal reasons to send Gault to jail.

Appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court

Next, Amelia Lewis and the Gaults appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court (99 Ariz. 181 (1965)). They had two main arguments. They argued that Gerald's conviction was not legal because he was not given the due process rights in the Constitution. They also argued that the state's set of juvenile laws, the Arizona Juvenile Code, was unconstitutional because it did not include these due process rights.[18]

The Arizona Supreme Court ruled against the Gaults. They said that neither the Juvenile Code or Gerald's conviction violated due process.[18]

Appeal to the United States Supreme Court

Under United States law, the Gaults had only one legal option left. This option was to appeal to the United States Supreme Court, but to do this, they would need more lawyers, and that would be expensive. However, lawyers from the Arizona chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) got involved and worked with Amelia Lewis on the Supreme Court appeal.[15] On December 16, 1966, they went before the Supreme Court.[19]

The Supreme Court had to answer three important legal questions in this case: a specific question, a general question, and a question that would affect every juvenile and court in the country.:[19]

  • The specific question: Were Gerald Gault's due process rights violated when he was convicted and sent to juvenile prison? If they were, what should happen to him?
  • The general question: Was the Arizona Juvenile Code unconstitutional because it did not give juveniles the due process rights in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution?
  • The biggest question: Did juveniles even have the same due process rights as adults? Did the Fourteenth Amendment even apply to juvenile court processes?

Decision

On May 15, 1967, the Supreme Court voted 8–1 in favor of the Gaults. They ruled that Gerald's due process rights were violated.

Justice Abe Fortas wrote the Court's majority opinion. He wrote:

“ The [major] difference between Gerald's case and a normal [adult] criminal case is that [protections] available to adults were discarded in Gerald's case. The summary procedure as well as the long commitment [imprisonment] was possible because Gerald was 15 years of age instead of over 18.[18] ”

Justice Fortas pointed out that if Gerald were over 18, and were tried in adult court, he would have had many different rights, including the ones in this table.[18]

Adult Legal Rights: Guaranteed By:
The right to be told what he was charged with and when his hearings would be, with enough time to prepare Fourteenth Amendment
The right to a lawyer (free if the family could not afford one) Sixth Amendment; Gideon v. Wainwright
The right to call witnesses and show evidence that he was not guilty at his trial Fourteenth Amendment
The right not to answer the judge's questions about whether he was guilty Fifth Amendment; Miranda v. Arizona

However, because he was 15 and in juvenile court, Gerald got none of these rights.

In the Court's opinion, Justice Fortas wrote that without these due process rights, a person cannot get a fair trial, no matter what age they are. The Fourteenth Amendment says that "no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws." Since juvenile courts could take away children's freedom by sending them to juvenile prisons, they needed to give juvenile defendants full due process rights. They also needed to give them "equal protection of the laws" – the same protections an adult at risk of going to jail would get.[13]

“ Neither the Fourteenth Amendment nor the Bill of Rights is for adults alone."

– Judge Abe Fortas, in the Court's majority opinion 		”

The Court threw out Gerald's conviction and ordered him to be set free.[20] He had spent three years in the Industrial School: two years and ten months longer than he could have possibly spent in prison if he was convicted as an adult.[b]

The Court also ruled Arizona's Juvenile Code unconstitutional.[22] They ruled that Juvenile Codes had to include due process rights.[13]

Importance

Before In re Gault, juveniles accused of crimes had very few rights. In re Gault gave due process rights, which juveniles had never had, to children and teenagers being accused of crimes. These protections apply to all juveniles in the United States, not just Arizona. After this decision, by law, all juveniles being accused of crimes must be given the rights in the Fourteenth Amendment. For example:[5]

  • They must be told what crime they are being accused of and when they have to go to court, far enough ahead of time that they can prepare (for example, by working on a defense or getting a lawyer)
  • The juvenile, and their parents, must be told about their right to a lawyer
  • The juvenile (or usually their lawyer) has the right to question the witnesses that say they are guilty, and call their own witnesses to say they are not guilty
  • They must be warned that they do not have to answer questions about whether they are guilty, even in court

In other words, In re Gault ruled that every juvenile court in the country had to follow the Fourteenth Amendment.[5]

Notes

  1. ↑ The State Industrial School was a reform school – like a combination of a boarding school and a juvenile prison.[5]
  2. ↑ After he was freed, Gault spent 23 years in the United States military. As of 2007, he was going to school to become a teacher.[21]

References

  1. ↑ Kalman, Laura (1990). Abe Fortas: A Biography. Yale University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0300173697.
  2. ↑ "The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription". The Charters of Freedom. Washington, D.C.: United States National Archives and Records Administration. 30 October 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27". Charters of Freedom. United States National Archives and Records Administration. 30 October 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  4. ↑ "The History of Juvenile Justice" (PDF). ABA Division for Public Education. American Bar Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Juvenile crime, juvenile justice. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-309-50428-7. OCLC 53401260.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 5.[permanent dead link]
  7. ↑ Grover, Gail; Cushna, Erica; & Morton, Barbara (April 17, 2013) (Presentation). "Conditions of Release: Are We Punishing Normative Behavior?" (Presentation slides only)[permanent dead link]. Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative Inter-site Conference, Atlanta, Georgia. Accessed March 31, 2016.
  8. ↑ In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 5, n. 1[permanent dead link].
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 6[permanent dead link].
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 9.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 9, n. 6[permanent dead link].
  12. ↑ In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 7–8[permanent dead link].
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Facts and Case Summary – In re Gault 387 U.S. 1 (1967)". United States Courts. Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 387 U.S. 1, 7[permanent dead link].
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Comenzo, Richard (April 2013). "Book Review: The Constitutional Rights of Children: In re Gault and Juvenile Justice by David S. Tanenhaus". Champion Magazine Online. National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  16. ↑ In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 8, n. 5[permanent dead link].
  17. ↑ In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 8.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 10.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "In re Gault: Oral Argument – December 06, 1966 [Transcript]". The Oyez Project. IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology. December 6, 1966. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  20. ↑ Bosworth, Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities. SAGE Publications. p. 366. ISBN 978-1452265421.
  21. ↑ Gault, Gerald; Dorsen, Norman; Bell, Justice David (May 19, 2007). "Gault Case Changed Juvenile Law" (Radio Interview). Interviewed by Margot Adler. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  22. ↑ 387 U.S. 1 (1967) at 58.

Other websites

Read other articles:

Arsitektur Tradisional Suku Rote

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Arsitektur Tradisional Suku Rote yaitu rumah tradisional suku Rote yang menghuni kepulauan Rote, kabupaten paling selatan Republik Indonesia. Arsitektur tradisional suku Rote menghadirkan aspek fisik dan non-fisik dalam rancangan bangunannya[1]...

 

Katedral Brugnato

Katedral BrugnatoKatedral Santo Petrus, Santo Laurensius, Santo ColombanusItalia: Cattedrale di S. Pietro, S. Lorenzo e S. Colombanocode: it is deprecated Katedral BrugnatoLokasiBrugnatoNegaraItaliaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato Katedral Brugnato (Italia: Duomo di Brugnato; Concattedrale dei Santi Pietro, Lorenzo e Colombanocode: it is deprecated ) adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang t...

 

Imam Darto

H.Imam DartoLahirImam Hendarto Sukarno12 November 1982 (umur 41)Jakarta, IndonesiaAlmamaterUniversitas Bina NusantaraPekerjaanPresenterkomedianpenulis skenarioaktorpenyiar radioTahun aktif2002—sekarangSuami/istriTika Hendarto ​(m. 2007)​Anak3 H. Imam Hendarto Sukarno (lahir 12 November 1982) adalah presenter, komedian, penulis skenario, aktor, dan penyiar radio berkebangsaan Indonesia. Imam dikenal melalui acara televisi berjudul The Comment dan Tonig...

Susan Collins

Biografi ini tidak memiliki sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak dapat dipastikan. Bantu memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus.Cari sumber: Susan Collins – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Susan CollinsPotret Resmi, 2014 Senator Amerika...

 

List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1837

Part of a series onBritish law Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Year      1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 ...

 

Tiang bendera Jeddah

Tiang Bendera Jeddahسارية العلم بجدةRekor tinggiTertinggi di dunia sejak 2014[I]DidahuluiTiang Bendera DushanbeInformasi umumLokasiJeddah, Arab SaudiKoordinat21°30′28″N 39°10′11″E / 21.507843°N 39.169732°E / 21.507843; 39.169732Tinggi170 m (558 ft) Tiang Bendera Jeddah adalah sebuah tiang bendera yang terletak di Lapangan Raja Abdullah, Jeddah, Arab Saudi dan merupakan tiang bendera tertinggi di dunia sejak tahun 2014.[1] Ben...

Toruküla

Village in Estonia Village in Tartu County, EstoniaTorukülaVillageCountry EstoniaCountyTartu CountyParishPeipsiääre ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Toruküla – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Augu...

 

جائحة فيروس كورونا في جنوب داكوتا 2020

جائحة فيروس كورونا في داكوتا الجنوبية 2020 المرض مرض فيروس كورونا 2019 السلالة SARS-CoV-2 أول حالة مقاطعات بيدل، تشارلز ميكس، دافيسون ومينيهاها التواريخ 10 مارس، 2020 المنشأ ووهان، خوبي، الصين المكان فيرمونت الوفيات 6 الحالات المؤكدة 536 حالات متعافية 177 الموقع الرسمي doh.sd.gov/news/Coronavirus.a...

 

RaiSat Art

RaiSat ArtLogo dell'emittenteStato Italia Linguaitaliano VersioniRaiSat Art (data di lancio: 1º luglio 1999) Data chiusura30 luglio 2003 SostituisceRaiSat 1 Sostituito daRaiSat Premium GruppoRai EditoreRaiSat Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale RaiSat Art è stato un canale satellitare tematico della Rai prodotto da RaiSat, visibile in esclusiva sul bouquet pay-TV di D+/TELE+ DIGITALE. È stato lo sviluppo del vecchio canale Rai Sat 1 e trasmetteva documentari autoprodotti sull'ar...

Park Yoo-na

Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Park. Park Yoo-naYoo-na pada 2019.Lahir23 Desember 1997 (umur 26)SeoulPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif2015-sekarangAgenYG EntertainmentNama KoreaHangul박유나 Alih AksaraBak YunaMcCune–ReischauerPark Yuna Situs webPark Yoo-Na Park Yoo-na (lahir 23 Desember 1997) adalah seorang pemeran berkebangsaan Korea Selatan. Ia memulai karier beraktingnya melalui drama KBS2 Cheer Up! pada 2015. Ia membintangi video musik dari iKON yang berjudul WYD dan berd...

 

Zag, Morocco

Town in Guelmim-Oued Noun, MoroccoZag الزاكⵥⴰⴳaz-ZākTownZagShow map of MoroccoZagShow map of AfricaCoordinates: 28°01′21.33″N 9°17′43.05″W / 28.0225917°N 9.2952917°W / 28.0225917; -9.2952917CountryMoroccoRegionGuelmim-Oued NounProvinceAssa-Zag ProvinceElevation405 m (3,854 ft)Population (2004)[1] • Total7,751 Zag (pronounced Ezzag) (Arabic: الزاك (az-Zāq)), is a town in southern Morocco, in the Assa-Zag p...

 

Artyom Pershin

Russian footballer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Artyom Pershin – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Artyom Per...

Dara laut merah jambu

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Dara laut merah jambu Sterna dougallii Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN22694601 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasAvesOrdoCharadriiformesFamiliLaridaeGenusSternaSpesiesSterna dougallii Montagu, 1813 Tipe taksonomiSterna Distribusi lbs Dara ...

 

Distrik Qixia

Sebuah patung bixie (singa bersayap) di makam Xiao Hui, terlihat membelakangi Ganjiaxiang, sebuah wilayah industrial dari Distrik Qixia Bagian Barat Distrik Qixia Distrik Qixia (Hanzi sederhana: 栖霞区; Hanzi tradisional: 棲霞區; Pinyin: Qīxiá qū) adalah salah satu dari 11 distrik di Nanjing, ibu kota provinsi Jiangsu, Tiongkok, yang berada di kedua sisi Sungai Yangtze. Distrik tersebut memiliki luas 80 km2 dan populasi 400,000.[1] Administrasi Subdistrik Yao...

 

Big Deal in Laredo

3rd episode of the 2nd season of DuPont Show of the Week Big Deal in LaredoDuPont Show of the Week episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 3Directed byFielder CookWritten bySidney CarrollOriginal air dateOctober 7, 1962 (1962-10-07)Guest appearances Teresa Wright as Mary Walter Matthau as Meredith Episode chronology ← PreviousFire Rescue Next →The Betrayal Big Deal in Laredo was an American television play broadcast by NBC on October 7, 1962, as part of the televis...

Pamban Bridge

For the new Pamban bridge under construction, see New Pamban Bridge. Railway bridge connecting Pamban Island to mainland India Pamban BridgePamban BridgeCoordinates9°16′57.25″N 79°12′5.91″E / 9.2825694°N 79.2016417°E / 9.2825694; 79.2016417CarriesRailLocaleRameswaram, Tamil Nadu, IndiaOwnerIndian RailwaysCharacteristicsTotal length6,776 feet (2,065 m)No. of spans144Rail characteristicsNo. of tracks1Track gaugeBroad gaugeHistoryConstruction startAugust ...

 

مستر أولمبيا 2002

مستر أولمبيا 2002 معلومات عامة فترة الانعقاد 16 - 20 أكتوبر 2002 مكان الانعقاد لاس فيغاس، نيفادا،  الولايات المتحدة المنظم الاتحاد الدولي لكمال الأجسام واللياقة البدنية (IFBB) المنطقة  العالم ترتيب النسخة 38 الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي لمحترفي اتحاد IFBB قائمة الفائزين صاحب ال�...

 

Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries

Former military coalition in Benghazi, Libya Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionariesمجلس شورى ثوار بنغازيLeadersMohamed al-Zahawi †[1]Ismail Muhammad al-Salabi[2]Mustafa al-Sharksi[3]Dates of operation20 June 2014[4] – 29 December 2017HeadquartersBenghazi, LibyaIdeologyIslamismJihadismSalafismSize500–1,500Opponents Operation Dignity coalitionBattles and warsSecond Libyan Civil War The Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries ...

Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Protected area in eastern Oregon, USA This article is about the Oregon wildlife refuge. For other uses of the word Malheur, see Malheur. MNWR redirects here. For a cultural institution, see National Museum, Wrocław. Malheur National Wildlife RefugeA view of Steens Mountain from an overlook located in the Malheur National Wildlife RefugeLocation of the refuge in OregonHarney Basin and surrounding areaLocation30 miles (48 km) south of Burns, Harney County, Oregon, United StatesCoordinates...

 

Contea di Crockett (Texas)

Contea di CrockettconteaContea di Crockett – VedutaIl tribunale della contea di Crockett. LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato Texas AmministrazioneCapoluogoOzona Data di istituzione12 gennaio 1875 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo30°43′48″N 101°24′36″W30°43′48″N, 101°24′36″W (Contea di Crockett) Superficie7 271 km² Abitanti3 719[1] (2010) Densità0,51 ab./km² Altre informazioniFuso orarioUTC-6 CartografiaOzona Contea di Croc...