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Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia
Other namesHyponatraemia, low blood sodium, hyponatræmia
Sodium, as shown on the periodic table
Medical specialtyNephrology
SymptomsDecreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, poor balance, confusion, seizures, coma[1][2][3]
TypesLow volume, normal volume, high volume[4]
Diagnostic methodSerum sodium < 135 mmol/L[3]
Differential diagnosisEthanol intoxication or withdrawal, high protein levels, high blood fat levels, high blood sugar[5][6]
TreatmentBased on underlying cause[4]
FrequencyRelatively common[6][7]

Hyponatremia (British English: hyponatraemia) is when there is not enough sodium in the body (in the blood). It is mostly caused by the presence of too much water. Sodium is an essential mineral.

Causes of hyponatraemia.

Causes

Hyponatremia is most often a complication of other medical illnesses in which excess water collects in the body faster than can be excreted. For instance, congestive heart failure is a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) use. Some runners who drink a lot of water before running a marathon also suffer this illness.[8][9] Drinking too much water can impair the ability of marathon runners.[10]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Babar, Sultan M. (2013-10-01). "SIADH Associated With Ciprofloxacin". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 47 (10): 1359–1363. doi:10.1177/1060028013502457. ISSN 1060-0280.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Williams, David M; Gallagher, Maire; Handley, Joel; Stephens, Jeffrey W (2016-07-01). "The clinical management of hyponatraemia". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 92 (1089): 407–411. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133740. ISSN 0032-5473.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Henry, Dan A. (2015-08-04). "Hyponatremia". Annals of Internal Medicine. 163 (3): ITC1–ITC16. doi:10.7326/AITC201508040. ISSN 0003-4819.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lee, Jennifer Ji Young; Kilonzo, Kajiru; Nistico, Amy; Yeates, Karen (2014-05-13). "Management of hyponatremia". CMAJ. 186 (8): E281–E286. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120887. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 4016091. PMID 24344146.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Filippatos, T. D.; Liamis, G.; Christopoulou, F.; Elisaf, M. S. (2016-04-01). "Ten common pitfalls in the evaluation of patients with hyponatremia". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 29: 22–25. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.022. ISSN 0953-6205.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Book sources - Wikipedia". en.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2025-04-21.
  7. ↑ Ball, SG; Iqbal, Z (March 2016). "Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 30 (2): 161–73. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.12.001. PMID 27156756.
  8. ↑ "Merck Manual: Hyponatremia". Archived from the original on 2011-01-11. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
  9. ↑ Gina Kolata: Marathoners Warned About Too Much Water (NYTimes, 20 Oct. 2005)
  10. ↑ "Inverse relationship between percentage body weight change and finishing time in 643 forty-two-kilometre marathon runners". Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
  11. ↑ Ball, S. G.; Iqbal, Zohaib (2016-03-01). "Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance. 30 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.12.001. ISSN 1521-690X.


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