Chain mail

Chainmail close-up.

Mail, or chain mail,[1] is a type of armour. It is made of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. The Celts are usually credited with inventing mail armour.[2] Celtic mail was usually made in the form of a vest.[2]

Etymology

The origins* of the word "mail" are not fully known. One theory is that it originally comes from the Latin word macula, meaning "spot" or "opacity".[3] Another theory relates the word to the Old French "maillier", meaning “to hammer” (related to the modern English word "malleable").[3] A mail shirt is a called a hauberk (haubergeon or byrnie). Mail leggings were called chausses. A mail Hood is called a coif and covered the head, neck and shoulders.

*Another possible source is Italian. The word for jersey or sweater, and sometimes shirt, in modern Italian is maglia or, in French, maillot.

History

Many scholars think mail was invented by ancient Celts about the 3rd century BC.[4] At that time their iron work was probably the best in Europe.[5] The Romans quickly adopted it for their own army. A shirt of mail armour weighed about 30 pounds (14 kg).[4] After a battle it was common practice to strip weapons and armour from the dead.[6] Vikings were known to wear mail armor whenever they could get their hands on it. Mail was expensive, time-consuming to make, and required a supply of iron. It became more expensive as improvements were made in materials and workmanship.[7] Mail armour was in use in Europe until the 15th century.[8]

Modern uses

Mail is today used in gloves to prevent cuts by butchers and firefighters.[9] Some divers wear mail suits when swimming around sharks and particularly when feeding sharks.[10] But mail is heavy and it makes moving around more difficult.[10] Mail is very popular with history reenactors.[11] It is also popular in live action role playing.[12]

  • Historical mail shirts .
    Historical mail shirts
    .
  • A historical mail shirt .
    A historical mail shirt
    .
  • A woman wearing a haubergeon and coif .
    A woman wearing a haubergeon and coif
    .
  • Shark-protective mail suit
    Shark-protective mail suit
  • Modern cut resistant glove
    Modern cut resistant glove

References

  1. ↑ "chain mail" Cambridge dictionaries online
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hazel Richardson, Life of the Ancient Celts (New York: Crabtree Publishing Co., 2005), p. 28
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "mail, n.3". OED Online. December 2011. Oxford University Press.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Richard A. Gabriel, The Great Armies of Antiquity (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), p. 21
  5. ↑ Richard A. Gabriel, The Ancient World (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006), p. 79
  6. ↑ Encyclopedia of Military Science, ed. G. Kurt Piehler (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013). p. 270
  7. ↑ Ballistic Materials and Penetration Mechanics, ed. Roy Laible (Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., 1980), p. 16
  8. ↑ Michèle Byam, Arms and Armor (New York, NY: DK Publishers, 2011), p. 24
  9. ↑ Gavriel Salvendy, Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012), p. 904
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Catherine Veitch, A Daredevil's Guide to Swimming with Sharks (North Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 2013), p. 25
  11. ↑ Michael A. Cramer, Medieval Fantasy as Performance: The Society for Creative Anachronism and the Current Middle Ages (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010). p. 123
  12. ↑ Lizzie Stark, Leaving Mundania: Inside the Transformative World of Live Action Role-Playing Games (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2012), p. 113
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