Anti-nuclear movement in California

The 1970s proved to be a pivotal period for the anti-nuclear movement in California. There was confrontation between nuclear power advocates and environmentalists.[1] In 1981, 1,900 activists were arrested during protests at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. In 1984, the Davis City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone. California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over waste disposal.

Early conflicts

The start of the anti-nuclear movement in California was the controversy over Pacific Gas & Electric's attempt to build the nation's first nuclear power plant in Bodega Bay. This conflict began in 1958 and ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of these plans. Subsequent plans to build a nuclear power plant in Malibu were also abandoned.[2]

Into the seventies

The anti-nuclear movement grew in California between 1964 and 1974. It was during this period that some scientists and engineers began supporting the positions of the activists. They were influenced by the non-material philosophy that had inspired activists and had impacted the public consciousness.[2] While Californian voters failed to pass a 1972 proposal placing a 5-year moratorium on nuclear plant construction, anti-nuclear groups campaigned to stop construction of several proposed plants in the seventies, especially those located on the coast and near fault lines. These proposals included the Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant, which was never built.[1][3]

Over a two-week period in 1981, 1,900 activists were arrested at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. It was the largest arrest in the history of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement.[4]

In this period there were controversies within the Sierra Club about how to lead the anti-nuclear movement, and this led to a split over the Diablo Canyon plant which ended in success for the utilities. The split led to the formation of Friends of the Earth, led by David Brower.[2]

In 1979, Abalone Alliance members held a 38-day sit-in in the Californian Governor Jerry Brown's office to protest continued operation of Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, which was a duplicate of the Three Mile Island facility.[5] In 1989, Sacremento voters voted to shut down the Rancho Seco power plant.[6]

California has banned the approval of new nuclear reactors since the late 1970s because of concerns over waste disposal.[7]

Nuclear-free communities

One of a set of two billboards in Davis, California advertising its nuclear-free policy

On November 14th 1984 the Davis, California City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone.[8] Another well-known nuclear-free community is Berkeley, California, whose citizens passed the Nuclear Free Berkeley Act in 1986 which allows the city to levy fines for nuclear weapons-related activity and to boycott companies involved in the United States nuclear infrastructure.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "San Diego Gas & Electric, Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant Collection". Archived from the original on 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958-1978". Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2008-12-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  3. ↑ August S. Carstens Collection
  4. ↑ Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon[permanent dead link]
  5. ↑ Hippy Dictionary p.559.
  6. ↑ "Shutting Down Rancho Seco". Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
  7. ↑ Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival
  8. ↑ Nuclear Free Zone

Further reading

  • Ondaatje, Elizabeth H. (c1988). Trends in antinuclear protests in the United States, 1984-1987.
  • Wellock, Thomas R. (1998). Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958-1978.
  • Wills, John (2006). Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon.

Other websites

Read other articles:

2018 Kansas Lottery 300

30th race of the 2018 NASCAR Xfinity Series 2018 Kansas Lottery 300 Race details Race 30 of 33 in the 2018 NASCAR Xfinity SeriesDate October 20, 2018Official name 18th Annual Kansas Lottery 300Location Kansas City, Kansas, Kansas SpeedwayCourse Permanent racing facility1.5 mi (2.41 km)Distance 200 laps, 300 mi (482.803 km)Scheduled Distance 200 laps, 300 mi (482.803 km)Average speed 118.995 miles per hour (191.504 km/h)Pole positionDriver Daniel Hemric Richard Childress RacingTime 29.355...

 

Prime Minister of the Netherlands

Head of the government of the Netherlands For a list, see List of prime ministers of the Netherlands. Prime Minister of the NetherlandsMinister-president van NederlandCoat of arms of the NetherlandsIncumbentMark Ruttesince 14 October 2010Ministry of General AffairsMember of Council of Ministers European Council ResidenceCatshuis, The HagueSeatTorentje, The HagueAppointerMonarch of the NetherlandsTerm lengthFour years, renewableInaugural holderGerrit SchimmelpenninckFormation25 March...

 

Windsor, Ontario

Untuk pengertian lain, lihat Windsor. WindsorKotaCity of WindsorFoto dari atas ke bawah, kanan ke kiri: Downtown Windsor skyline, Ambassador Bridge, Charlie Brooks Memorial Peace Fountain, Dillon Hall di Universitas Windsor, dan Caesars Windsor.Julukan: The City of Roses, Automotive Capital of Canada[1] [2]Motto: The river and the land sustain us.Location of Windsor next to Essex County, in the province of OntarioNegaraKanadaProvinsiOntarioPembagian sensusEssexDihuni...

Mars Micro Orbiter

Mars Micro Orbiter (MMO) is a spacecraft mission concept that would place a small and inexpensive satellite in orbit around the planet Mars to study some aspects of the Mars atmosphere in visible and infrared wavelengths. The orbiter study will undergo a preliminary design review in March 2018, potentially launching as a secondary payload on another mission in 2020. Overview In April 2015, NASA's Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEx) program requested proposals for int...

 

Hellas (personification)

Greece personified as a woman, with revolutionaries who participated in the Greek War of Independence. Hellas or Ellada is the personification of the nation of Greece, dating back to Ancient Greece. There was a desire for unification in Greece, and Hellas is the only national personification known from that period. She is mentioned frequently in literature but only appears once in the arts of late classical Athens.[1] Description Hellas is usually depicted as a woman who wears simple ...

 

Slovakia national rugby union team

National rugby union team Rugby teamSlovakiaUnionSlovak Rugby UnionCoach(es)J FišerCaptain(s)Patrik PolednaMost caps3 players (8) Team kit First international Slovakia 0 - 6 Monaco (14 October 2006)Largest win Slovakia 31 - 3 Montenegro (14 April 2015)Largest defeat Slovakia 5 - 91 Slovenia  (18 May 2019) The Slovakia national rugby union team has yet to qualify for a Rugby World Cup. They are currently affiliated to FIRA-AER, but not yet to World Rugby. History...

Sears Canada

Canadian department store chain This article is about the defunct Canadian department store chain. For the American department store chain, see Sears. For the Mexican department store chain, see Sears Mexico. For other uses, see Sears (disambiguation). Sears Canada Inc.The former flagship store and headquarters at Toronto Eaton Centre; the store closed in 2014, and the headquarters closed in 2018FormerlySimpsons-Sears (1952–1984)Company typePublicTraded asExpert Market: SRSCQIndustryRe...

 

Club Deportivo Lugo

CD LugoCalcio Albivermellos (Biancorossi), Luguiño (Il Piccolo Lugo), O Xogo Bonito (Il Bel Gioco) Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Terza divisa Colori sociali Bianco, rosso Dati societari Città Lugo Nazione  Spagna Confederazione UEFA Federazione FEF Campionato Primera División RFEF Fondazione 1953 Presidente Constantino Saqués Pereira Allenatore Paulo Alves Stadio Estadio Anxo Carro(8.000 posti) Sito web www.cdlugo.com Palmarès Si invita a seguire il modello di vo...

 

American Library Association

American library association and professional society Not to be confused with (ALA) American Literature Association. American Library AssociationALA LogoAbbreviationALAFormationOctober 6, 1876; 147 years ago (1876-10-06)TypeNon-profitNGOHeadquartersChicago, Illinois, U.S.LocationChicago and Washington, D.C., U.S.Region served United StatesMembership (2022) 49,705[1]Executive DirectorLeslie BurgerPresidentEmily Drabinski[2]Budget $55 million[3]Staff ap...

Lotus 49

Formula One racing car Lotus 49CategoryFormula OneConstructorLotusDesigner(s)Colin Chapman (Technical director)Maurice Philippe (Chief designer)PredecessorLotus 43SuccessorLotus 63 / Lotus 72Technical specifications[1][2]ChassisAluminium monocoqueAxle track1,524mm (60in) front and 1,549mm (61in) rear[3]Wheelbase2,413 mm (95.0 in)EngineFord Cosworth DFV, 2,998 cc (183 cu in), V8, NA, mid-mountedTransmissionHewland-Lotus 5-speed manual gearboxPow...

 

Port Essington

Port Essington diilustrasikan dalam riwayat ekspedisi Ludwig Leichhardt sekitar tahun 1845 Port Essington adalah sebuah situs bersejarah di Semenanjung Cobourg, Taman Nasional Garig Gunak Barlu, Australia Utara. Pada zaman kolonial, tempat ini dicoba dijadikan sebuah pemukiman baru, tetapi upaya tersebut gagal dan situs ini kini hanya berbentuk sisa dan reruntuhan saja. Pemukiman kolonial Port Essington didirikan pada 1838 oleh Sir J. Gordon Bremer[1] dengan nama resmi Victoria Settle...

 

Vishnudeo Sai ministry

Indian state administration Vishnudeo Sai ministry6th Ministry of ChhattisgarhVishnu Deo SaiDate formed13 December 2023People and organisationsGovernorBiswabhusan HarichandanChief MinisterVishnu Deo SaiDeputy Chief MinisterArun SaoVijay SharmaMember parties  BJPStatus in legislatureMajority 54 / 90 (60%)Opposition partyIndian National CongressOpposition leaderCharan Das MahantHistoryElection(s)2023Outgoing election2023Legislature term(s)5 yearsPredecessorBaghel ministry The Vishnu ...

ソー (オー＝ド＝セーヌ県)

Sceaux 行政国 フランス地域圏 (Région) イル＝ド＝フランス地域圏県 (département) オー＝ド＝セーヌ県郡 (arrondissement) アントニー郡小郡 (canton) 小郡庁所在地INSEEコード 92071郵便番号 92330市長（任期） フィリップ・ローラン（2008年-2014年）自治体間連合 (fr) メトロポール・デュ・グラン・パリ人口動態人口 19,679人（2007年）人口密度 5466人/km2住民の呼称 Scéens地理座標 北緯48度4...

 

Новотитаровское сельское поселение

Сельское поселение России (МО 2-го уровня)Новотитаровское сельское поселение Флаг[d] Герб 45°14′09″ с. ш. 38°58′16″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект РФ Краснодарский край Район Динской Включает 4 населённых пункта Адм. центр Новотитаровская Глава сельского пос�...

 

History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Elliott years

Michigan Wolverines footballAthletic directorFritz Crisler (1942–1968)Don Canham (1968–1988)Head coachBump Elliott 10 season, 51–42–2 (.547)StadiumMichigan StadiumField surfaceGrassLocationAnn Arbor, MichiganConferenceBig Ten ConferenceBowl record1–0 (1.000)Conference titles1ColorsMaize and blue[1]    The promotion of Bump Elliott to head coach in 1959 defined a historical era of the University of Michigan Wolverines football through 1968 w...

台湾海峡通道

本文或本章節是關於未來的公共运输建設或計划。未有可靠来源的臆測內容可能會被移除，現時內容可能與竣工情況有所出入。 此条目讲述中国大陆處於施工或详细规划阶段的工程。设计阶段的資訊，或許与竣工后情況有所出入。无可靠来源供查证的猜测会被移除。 设想中的三条路线方案[1]。 臺灣海峽隧道或臺湾海峡橋隧（英語：Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project）是一项工程�...

 

2017 European Athletics U23 Championships – Men's hammer throw

2017 European Athletics U23 ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemenwomen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenRoad events20 km walkmenwomenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenwomenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenwomenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined eventsHeptathlonwome...

 

Schools of Islamic theology

Set of theological beliefs in the Islamic faith See Islamic schools and branches for sectarian divisions within Islam; see aqidah for the concept of creed in Islam; see kalam for the concept of theological discourse. Part of a series on IslamAllah(God in Islam)Allah Jalla Jalālahin Arabic calligraphy Related Allah Names Phrases and expressions God's throne in Islam Theology Oneness Islamic creed Transcendence Denial of Divine attributes Anthropomorphism Tanzih Terms Tasbih Takbir Alhamdulill...

Oskar Werner

Oskar WernerWerner as Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451 (1966).LahirOskar Josef Bschließmayer(1922-11-13)13 November 1922Vienna, AustriaMeninggal23 Oktober 1984(1984-10-23) (umur 61)Marburg, Hesse, Jerman BaratSebab meninggalserangan jantungMakamTriesen, LiechtensteinTahun aktif1939–84Suami/istri Elisabeth Kallina (1944–52)Anne Power (1954–68) AnakEleanore (Noni)Felix Florian Oskar Werner (13 November 1922 – 23 Oktober 1984) adalah seorang aktor panggung dan ...

 

أورلاند

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع أورلاند (توضيح). أورلان Ørland أورلاندشعار النبالة لبلدية أورلان موقع أورلان بالنسبة لسور تروندلاغ تقسيم إداري البلد النرويج[1][2] مقاطعة سور تروندلاغ المسؤولون خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 63°42′32″N 9°36′38″E / 63.708888888889°N 9.6105555555556°E / 63.708888...