1725 (MDCCXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1725th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 725th year of the 2nd millennium, the 25th year of the 18th century, and the 6th year of the 1720s decade. As of the start of 1725, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

• January 25 – Amaro Pargo receives the title of Hidalgo (nobleman).
• February 8 – Catherine I became empress of Russia.
• February 20 – The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.
• March 2 – In London, night watchman finds a severed head by the Thames; it is later recognized to be that of the husband of Catherine Hayes. She and one accomplice are later executed.
• May 21 – The Order of Alexander Nevsky was instituted in Russia by an empress Catherine I.
• May 24 – Jonathan Wild, fraudulent "Thief Taker General", is hanged in Tyburn, England for actually aiding criminals.

• February 4 – Dru Drury, English entomologist (d. 1804)
• February 5 – James Otis, American lawyer and patriot (d. 1783)
• February 15 – Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1794)
• February 25 – Karl Wilhelm Ramler, German poet (d. 1798)
• March 11 – Henry Benedict Stuart, pretender to the British throne (d. 1807)
• March 17 – Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-born American military and political leader (d. 1806)
• March 20 – Abd-al-Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1789)
• March 24
  • Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (d. 1813)
  • Thomas Cushing, American Continental Congressman (d. 1788)
• March 28 – Andrew Kippis, English non-conformist clergyman and biographer (d. 1795)
• April 2 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer and writer (d. 1798)
• April 6 – Pasquale Paoli, Corsican patriot and military leader (d. 1807)
• April 23 – Saint Gerard Majella, Catholic saint (d. 1755)
• April 25 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, British admiral (d. 1786)
• May 12 – Louis Philip I, Duke of Orléans, French soldier and writer (d. 1785)
• May 25 – Samuel Ward, American politician (d. 1776)
• July 1 – Comte de Rochambeau, French soldier (d. 1807)
• July 24 – John Newton, English cleric and hymnist (d. 1807)
• August 21 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (d. 1805)
• August 29 – Charles Townshend, English politician (d. 1767)
• September 5 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799)
• September 12 – Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (d. 1792)
• September 16 – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (d. 1815)
• September 24 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (d. 1803)
• September 25 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French automobile pioneer (d. 1804)
• September 29 – Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British general and statesman (d. 1774)
• October 12 – Etienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist and entomologist (d. 1810)
• October 21 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (d. 1801)
• December 11 – George Mason, American founding father (d. 1792)
• December 18 – Johann Salomo Semler, German historian and Bible commentator (d. 1791)

• January 6 – Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Japanese dramatist (b. 1653)
• February 8 – Tsar Peter I of Russia (b. 1672)
• March 2 – José Benito de Churriguera, Spanish architect and sculptor (b. 1665)
• April 8 – John Wise, English clergyman (b. 1652)
• May 24 – Jonathan Wild, English criminal (b. 1683)
• June 29 – Arai Hakuseki, Japanese poet, politician, and writer (b. 1657)
• October 10 – Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil, Governor-General of New France
• October 11 – Hans Herr, Swiss-born Mennonite bishop (b. 1639)
• October 24 – Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer (b. 1660)
• October 31 – Ali Othman, Vampire(b. 1660)
• December 7 – Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist and actor (b. 1661)
• date unknown
  • José Mora, Spanish sculptor (b. 1638)
  • Nguyễn Phúc Chu, Vietnamese ruler (b. 1675)