Žirohorizont

Žirohorizont (umjetni ili vještački horizont) je instrument koji pokazuje položaj aviona u odnosu na prirodni horizont, tj. da li je nagnut oko svoje uzdužne ili poprečne osi. Osnovni element mu je žiroskop s tri stupnja slobode kretanja.

U avione su se prvobitno ugrađivale uzdužne i poprečne libele. Razvojem aviona razvijali su se i instrumenti pred koje su postavljani novi standardi za preciznost i otpornost na vibracije, ubrzanja, promjene temperatura i tlaka. Žiroskopski pokazivači napravili su preokret u njihovom razvoju. Žiroskopsko njihalo, za razliku od običnog njihala, ima vrlo veliki moment inercije (koji se postiže pogodnim rasporedom masa), kao i veliku brzinu rotacije oko glavne osi, što mu osigurava dovoljno dug period osciliranja zbog čega je ono praktično neosjetljivo na sile ubrzanja. To je i glavna osobina primijenjena na žirohorizontima.

Žiroskopi se odlikuju velikom stabilnošću, koja međutim, često nije dovoljna da spriječi naginjanje njihove glavne osi. Stoga se žirohorizonti opremaju specijalnim ispravljačima, čiji je zadatak da stvaraju takve ispravljačke momente koji se suprotstavljaju svakoj tendenciji naginjanja glavne osi. Na avionima koje su predviđene za izvođenje evolucija, žirohorizonti imaju dodatni uređaj za blokiranje žiroskopskog sistema. To je neizbježno jer pri uzdužnom nagibu većem od 60° i poprečnom većem od 90°, dijelovi žiroskopskog sistema udaraju u posebne ograničivače, zbog čega dolazi do nasilnog izbacivanja sistema iz normalnog položaja. Ispravljačima je poslije ovoga potrebno 5 do 10 minuta da ponovno vrate sistem u normalni rad. Blokiranjem žiroskopskog sistema prije izvođenja evolucija ova se pojava može spriječiti.

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