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Prizor iz vojne bolnice sa bolesnicima od španske groznice (Fort Riley, Kansas, Camp Funston)

Španska groznica ili Španski grip je bila jedna od najsmrtonosnijih pandemija u istoriji čovečanstva. Pojavila se pri kraju Prvog svetskog rata, a u tri talasa se širila Zemljom. Prema novijim procenama, trećina svetske populacije je bila inficirana i imala je klinički ispoljenu bolest (oko petsto miliona ljudi), a umrlo je oko pedeset miliona ljudi. Dakle, španska groznica je odnela pet puta više života nego Prvi svetski rat. Njen uzročnik bio je virus influence A (H1N1). Proučavanje španske groznice možda može doneti rezultate koji će pomoći da se izbegne pojava neke nove smrtonosne pandemije.

Simptomi

Žrtve španske groznice uveliko su patile. Nekoliko sati nakon osećanja prvih simptoma, javljali su se ekstremni umor, groznica i glavobolja, a žrtve su pomodrile. Ponekad je plava boja postala toliko izražena da je bilo teško odrediti orginalnu boju kože pacijenta. Pacijenti bi imali tako snažan kašalj da su neki pokidali čak i svoje trbušne mišiće. Pena i krv su navirali iz usta i nosa. Neki su krvarili i iz ušiju, neki povraćali, a drugi nisu mogli kontrolisati svoje ponašanje, mokrenje ili defekaciju. Španska groznica pogodila je svet tako naglo i teško da su mnoge od njenih žrtava umrle u roku od nekoliko sati od prvog simproma. Neki su umrli dan ili dva nakon što su shvatili da su bolestni. Ozbiljnost ove groznice bila ja alarmantna. LJudi su širom sveta bili zabrinuti da će pogoditi i njih. Neki gradovi naredili svima da nose maske. Pljuvanje i kašalj u javnosti je zabranjeno. Zatvorene su škole i pozorišta. a ograničena masovnija okupljanja.

Istorija

Prvi talas pandemije španske groznice započeo je u proleće 1918. Za njim su usledila dva talasa koja su odnela najveći broj života. Drugi pandemijski talas započeo je u jesen 1918., a treći u zimu 1919. Geografska lokacija prve pojave pandemičnog virusa nije poznata, a postoji mišljenje da je bolest nazvana „španskom“ zbog toga što Španija nije bila učesnik rata, te se o bolesti od samog početka otvoreno pisalo u štampi, za razliku od drugih zemalja gde je bila prisutna jaka cenzura. Podataka o broju obolelih i umrlih u našoj zemlji tokom španske groznice ima malo, čemu su uzrok složene ratne okolnosti i stvaranje nove države upravo u vremenu kada je bolest bila prisutna. Međutim, gotovo sigurno je bolest uzela veliki danak, kao i u drugim evropskim državama. Bolest se javila kod srpskih vojnika u aprilu na Krfu, a u julu na Solunskom frontu. Pre početka španske groznice, a od 1890. godine, smatralo se da influencu izaziva Haemophilus influenzae (Pfajferov bacil). Pfajfer je ovu bakteriju pronašao tokom pandemije influence 1889 – 1890. godine. Tokom trajanja španske groznice javlja se sumnja u pogledu tačnosti navođenja Pfajferovog bacila kao etiološkog uzročnika influence. Petog oktobra 2005. objavljeno je da je rekonstruisan, odnosno praktično ponovno oživljen uzročnik španske groznice. Rekonstrukciju su izveli naučnici iz Si Di Sija (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) iz Atlante, u saradnji sa naučnicima Instituta za Patologiju američke vojske i Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Naučnici se nadaju da će detaljnim proučavanjem virusa španske groznice u potpunosti izučiti osnovu virulencije i patogenosti virusa influence. Velika pažnja je usmerena na ova izučavanja zbog globalnog straha da bi aktuelni ptičiji grip, izazvan virusom influence A (H5N1), mogao izazvati pandemiju poput one 1918.-1919. godine. Upoređivanjem virusa španske groznice i aktuelnog virusa ptičijeg gripa nastoje se izvući zaključci o tome koliko je blizu ili daleko virus ptičijeg gripa od pandemične sposobnosti. Naučnici smatraju da gotovo zasigurno rekonstruisani virus španske groznice ne bi izazvao bolest takvih razmera kao 1918. godine u slučaju izlaska iz laboratorije. Razlog tome je globalni imunitet koji je stvoren kontaktom sa H1N1 virusima influence.

Literatura

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Vanjske veze

Nature "Web Focus" on 1918 flu, including new research
Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu
The Great Pandemic: The U.S. in 1918–1919. Arhivirano 2009-09-10 na Wayback Machine-u US Dept. of HHS
The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: A Digital Encyclopedia Largest digital collection of newspapers, archival manuscripts and interpretive essays exploring the impact of the epidemic on 50 U.S. cities (Univ. of Michigan).
Little evidence for New York City quarantine in 1918 pandemic. 27 Nov 2007 (CIDRAP News) Arhivirano 2013-05-20 na Wayback Machine-u
Flu by Eileen A. Lynch. The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia, PA, USA
Dialog: An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu
The Deadly Virus – The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 US National Archives and Records Administration – pictures and records of the time
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand – includes recorded recollections of people who lived through it
PBS – recovery of flu samples from Alaskan flu victims Arhivirano 2009-03-04 na Wayback Machine-u
An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic
Fluwiki.com Annotated links to articles, books and scientific research on the 1918 influenza pandemic
Alaska Science Forum – Permafrost Preserves Clues to Deadly 1918 Flu Arhivirano 2012-04-19 na Wayback Machine-u
Pathology of Influenza in France, 1920 Report
Yesterday's News blog Arhivirano 2008-03-27 na Wayback Machine-u 1918 newspaper account on impact of flu on Minneapolis
"Study uncovers a lethal secret of 1918 influenza virus" Arhivirano 2007-01-22 na Wayback Machine-u University of Wisconsin – Madison, 17 January 2007
Spanish Influenza in North America, 1918–1919
1918 Influenza Virus and memory B-cells Arhivirano 2008-10-02 na Wayback Machine-u – Exposure to virus generates lifelong immune response.
Influenza Research Database – Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
Spanish Flu with rare pictures from Otis Historical Archives
"No Ordinary Flu" Arhivirano 2015-02-25 na Wayback Machine-u a comic book of the 1918 flu pandemic published by Seattle & King County Public Health
"Influenza 1918" The American Experience (PBS) Arhivirano 2009-12-03 na Wayback Machine-u
"Closing in on a Killer: Scientists Unlock Clues to the Spanish Influenza Virus" Arhivirano 2009-08-05 na Wayback Machine-u An online exhibit from the National Museum of Health and Medicine.
Sources for the study of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Sheffield, UK Arhivirano 2016-10-13 na Wayback Machine-u Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives
Booknotes interview with Gina Kolata on Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It, 27 February 2000. Arhivirano 2012-10-03 na Wayback Machine-u