Učenjak-službenik

Portret kineskog službenika Jiang Shunfua (1453–1504) iz diba dinastije Ming; dva ždrala na njegovim grudima označavaju tzv. "mandarinski kvadarat", odnosno najviši rang državnog službenika.

Učenjaci-službenici, također označavani i kao učenjaci-plemići, učenjaci-birokrati ili učenjaci-džentlmeni (kineski: 士大夫; pinyin: shì dàfū) je izraz koji se u carskoj Kini koristio za službenike imenovane od strane cara za obavljanje poslova državne uprave. Pod time se podrazumijevaju ličnosti koje bi prije toga uspjele dobiti akademska zvanja (npr. xiucai, juren ili jinshi) preko polaganja rigoroznih carskih ispita, pri čemu je naglasak stavljan na kaligrafske vještine i poznavanje konfucijanskih klasika. Sistem ispita, koji je prva uvela dinastija Sui godine 605. a potom usavršila dinastija Song je bio meritokratskog karaktera i, uz određena ograničenja (muški spol, ne-pripadnost "nečistim" kastama i sl.) načelno otvoren svim carskim podanicima, mada su iz praktičkih razloga većinu kandidata i učenjaka-službenika činili pripadnici zemljoposjedničkog plemstva kao jedini s dovoljno vremena i resursa da studiraju za ispit. Učenjaci-službenici su sve do samog kraja carske Kine dominirali državnom politikom; na provincijskoj razini su se, osim javnim poslovima, bavili i obrazovnim radom te uživali ugled. Na Zapadu se za njih dugo vremena uvriježio izraz mandarin.


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