Urbain Le Verrier

Urbain Le Verrier

Rođenje 11. ožujka 1811.
Saint-Lô, Francuska
Smrt 23. rujna 1877.
Pariz, Francuska
Narodnost Francuz
Polje Matematika, astronomija,
Poznat po Utvrdio položaj tada još
neotkrivenoga planeta Neptuna
Neptun viđen sa svemirske letjelice Voyager 2 s Velikom tamnom pjegom na lijevoj strani i Malom tamnom pjegom u donjem desnom dijelu. Bijeli oblaci se sastoje od metanova leda; sveukupna plava boja se stvara zato što metan upija crvenu svjetlost.

Urbain Le Verrier (Saint-Lô, 11. ožujka. 1811. – Pariz, 23. rujna 1877.), francuski astronom i matematičar. Ravnatelj pariške zvjezdarnice od 1854. do 1870., poznat po teorijskim radovima u astronomiji. Izmijenio je teoriju gibanja planeta i usporedio ju s najvrsnijim suvremenim opažanjima. Ispitivao je stabilnost staza tijela Sunčeva sustava. Iz poremećenosti Uranove staze utvrdio svojstva i položaj tada još neotkrivenoga planeta Neptuna (neovisno o britanskom astronomu Johnu Couchu Adamsu). Neptun je 1846. otkrio Johann Gottfried Galle nakon samo jednog sata traženja, samo 1° dalje od predviđenoga položaja.[1]

1821. Alexis Bouvard je objavio astronomske proračune glede orbite Neptunovog susjeda, Urana. Naknadna promatranja ustvrdila su značajne devijacije od predviđene putanje što je Bouvarda navelo da teoretizira o nepoznatom tijelu koje gravitacijski utječe na Uran.[2] 1843. John Couch Adams započeo je s proučavanjem orbite Urana na osnovu podataka koje preko Jamesa Challisa dobio od Sir Georgea Airyja. S radom je nastavio od 1845. do 1846. te došao do nekoliko različitih predviđanja o novom planetu.

Od 1845. do 1846., Urbain Le Verrier, neovisno od Adamsa, razvio je vlastite proračune, ali se također susreo s poteškoćama oko zainteresiranja svojih sunarodnjaka. U lipnju 1846., nakon što je vidio Le Verrierove procjene o položaju planeta te zamjetio sličnosti s Adamsovim procjenama, Airy je uvjerio direktora Zvjezdarnice Cambridge Jamesa Challisa da krene u potragu za planetom. Challis je proveo kolovoz i rujan pretražujući noćno nebo.[2][3]

Le Verrier je u međuvremenu putem pisma kontaktirao Johann Gottfried Galle iz Berlina te ga uputio na promatranje. Heinrich d'Arrest, student u zvjezdarnici, sugerirao je Galleu da usporede nedavno napravljenu kartu neba područja na koje je uputio Le Verrier s trenutnim nebom u potrazi za promjenana koje bi bile karakteristične za planet. Na večer istog dana kada je pismo zaprimljeno, 23. rujna 1846., Neptun je otkriven 1° od položaja na kojem ga je predvidio Le Verrier, odnosno 12° od Adamsovog predviđanja. Challis je kasnije utvrdio da je planet promatrao dva puta ranije u kolovozu, ali ga nije identificirao zbog svog rutinskog pristupa poslu.

U jeku otkrića, između Francuza i Britanaca zavladalo je nacionalističko rivalstvo u tome tko zaslužuje priznanje za otkriće. Međunarodnim konsenzusom naknadno je utvrđeno da zasluge za otkriće zaslužuju podjednako Le Verrier i Adamas. Od 1966. Dennis Rawlins dovodi u pitanju kredibilititet Adamsove uloge suotkrivača zbog čega je cijeli slučaj revidirian od strane povjesničara 1998. Nakon revizije, utvrđeno je da "Adams ne zaslužuje jednake zasluge kao i Le Verrier za otkriće Neptuna. Te zasluge pripadaju samo osobi koja je bila uspješna u predviđanju planetove lokacije i uvjeravanju drugih astronoma da ga potraže."

Izvori

  1. ↑ Le Verrier, Urbain, [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Airy, G. B (1846). „Account of some circumstances historically connected with the discovery of the planet exterior to Uranus”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7: 121 - 144. 
  3. ↑ Challis, Rev. J (1846). „Account of observations at the Cambridge observatory for detecting the planet exterior to Uranus”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7: 145 - 149. 

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