Trijumfalne pjesme

Trijumfalne pesme (lat. carmina triumphalia) bile su pesme koje su rimski vojnici pevali u pratnji pobedničkog vojskovođe dok je on u trijumfalnoj povorci prolazio gradom. Te su pesme ili hvalile vojskovođu ili su ga pak na satirički način ismevale kako ne bi na sebe navukao zlu kob, pa su tako imale apotropejski karakter. Time su nalikovale fesceninskim stihovima, koji su se uglavnom pevali na privatnim svetkovinama.

Sačuvani fragmenti iz 1. veka pne., kada razvoj kvantitativne metrike dostiže puni razvoj u rimskoj književnosti, mogu se čitati i kao kvantitativni i kao akcentovani stihovi, jer se iktus i akcent u rečima podudaraju. Štaviše, u jednom primeru iz 3. veka nove ere iktus se nalazi na akcentovanom kratkom slogu:

tantum vini nemo hắbet

quantum fudit sanguinis.

Tol'ko vina niko nema

kol'ko je prolio krvi.

Premda sačuvani primeri trijumfalnih pesama potiču iz kasnijeg doba, radi se o vrsti pesama koja vodi poreklo iz starine. Stih ovih pesama je versus quadratus, koji je verovatno italskog porekla, kao i saturnijski stih.^[1] Podudaranje iktusa i akcenta ukazuje na bliskost s govornim jezikom i potvrđuje pretpostavku da je u govornom latinskom preovlađivao intenzivni akcent.

Sačuvani fragmenti sadrže oštro podrugljivo podsmevanje vojskovođi, čiji je cilj bio da otklone zavist demona od pobedničkog vojskovođe okruženog slavom i počastima. Tako su Cezarovi vojnici u trijumfalnoj pesmi opominjali Rimljane da čuvaju svoje žene jer im dovode ćelavoga zavodnika.^[2] U jednom drugom primeru, takođe iz Svetonijevog životopisa Cezara,^[3] aludira se na navodne homoseksualne sklonosti ovoga vojskovođe:

Gallias Caesar subegit, Nicomedes Caesarem:

ecce Caesar nunc triumphat qui subegit Gallias,

Nicomedes non triumphat qui subegit Caesarem.

Galije je Cezar pokorio, a Nikomed Cezara:

evo trijumf sad slavi Cezar što pokori Galije,

nema trijumfa za Nikomeda što pokori Cezara.

Međutim, trijumfalne su pesme sadržale i slike strašnih pustošenja i teškog života vojnika, kao npr. ovi stihovi iz 3. veka nove ere koji se odnose na cara Aurelijana:

Mille, mille, mille, mille, ‒ mille decollavimus,

unus homo mille, mille, ‒ mille decollavimus.

Mille, mille, mille vivat ‒ qui mille occiderit.

Tantum vini nemo habet ‒ quantum fudit sanguinis.

Hiljadu, hiljadu, hiljadu, hiljadu, ‒ hiljadu ih zaklasmo,

jedan čovek hiljadu, hiljadu, ‒ hiljadu ih zaklasmo.

Hiljadu, hiljadu, hiljadu godina da živi ‒ koji hiljadu ih pobi.

Tol'ko vina niko nema ‒ kol'ko je prolio krvi.

Postavljena je dosta uverljiva pretpostavka da od versus quadratus-a u ovim drevnim trijumfalnim pesmama u krajnjoj liniji potiče i politički stih u vizantijskoj književnosti.^[4]

Reference

↑ Milan Budimir i Miron Flašar, Pregled rimske književnosti, 1991, 103.
↑ Svetonije, Divus Iulius, 51: Urbani, servate uxores: moechum calvom adducimus.
↑ Svetonije, Divus Iulius, 49.
↑ Michael J. Jeffreys, The Nature and Origins of the Political Verse, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 28, 1974, pp. 141-195.

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