Suncokret

Suncokret
Suncokret u cvatu
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo: Plantae
Divizija: Magnoliophyta
Razred: Magnoliopsida
Red: Asterales
Porodica: Asteraceae
Rod: Helianthus
Vrsta: H. annuus
Dvojni naziv
Helianthus annuus
L.

Suncokret (Hellianthus annuus) ili podunac, đirasol, tornizol, čije botaničko ime Helianthus potječe od grčkih riječi helios (sunce) i anthos (cvijet) je jednogodišnja zeljasta biljka iz porodice glavočika (Asteraceae).

Porijeklo

Suncokret potječe s jugozapada Sjeverne Amerike, iz Perua i Meksika. Još 1.000 godina prije Krista suncokret su uzgajali sjevenoamerički Indijanci, mljeli sjemenke u brašno, dodavali u kruh, radili ulje.

Maje su štovale suncokret kao simbol svjetlosti i plodnosti, pile čaj od latica, jele sjemenke, peteljke, listove i latice.

Suncokret već tisućama godina uzgajaju i Kinezi, stari Grci su suncokret posvetili bogu Heliosu (grčki bog Sunca), a rimski pjesnik Ovidije u Preobražajima spominje mit po kojem je djevojka zaljubljena u boga Apolona bila pretvorena u suncokret.

Astečke svećenice boga Sunca su u 15. stoljeću bile krunjene suncokretima, a početkom 16. stoljeća španjolski kršćanski misionari su ga donijeli u Europu. Već u 17. stoljeću suncokret se proširio Europom, a masovni uzgoj suncokreta počeo je u 18. stoljeću, najprije u Njemačkoj i Rusiji, a zatim i na zapadu i prema Sredozemlju.

Rasprostranjenost

Sjemenke suncokreta

U Njemačkoj se suncokret najviše počeo uzgajati tijekom 2. svjetskog rata, a do 1970. godine bio je iza soje druga glavna sirovina za hranu i ulje.

Danas se suncokret uzgaja po cijelom svijetu, najviše u Rusiji, Francuskoj i južnoj Europi, kao stočna hrana, za proizvodnju biljnog ulja, ali i kao ukrasna biljka.

Ljekoviti dijelovi

Latice suncokreta u narodnoj se medicini priprema čaj i tinktura, imaju gorkast i sluzav okus i blago mirišu na med, a sadrže antocijanske glikozide, ksantofil, kolin, betain, karotenoide, fitosterine, sapogenine, suncokretovu kiselinu. Sjemenke suncokreta imaju veliku hranjivu vrijednost i izuzetno su bogate uljem. Sjemenke suncokreta sadrže 30-50% ulja, već 25 grama sjemenki zadovoljava dnevne potrebe organizma za vitaminom E. Osim sirovih sjemenki upotrebljavaju se pripravci od osušenih i prženih sjemenki.

U kulinarstvu ima također značajnu ulogu, a sjemenke su bogate bjelančevinama gotovo jednako kao i odrezak mesa. Od sjemenki se pripremaju i razni namazi s tofuom ili nekim povrćem.

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