Realni plin

Realni plin, za razliku od idealnog plina, ima svojstva koja se ne mogu objasniti s jednadžbom stanja idealnog plina. Da bi se razumjelo ponašanje realnog plina, treba uzeti u obzir i slijedeće osobine:

Za većinu primjena, kada je potrebna detaljna analiza, može se koristiti jednadžba stanja idealnog plina, s razumnom točnošću. S druge strane, modele realnih plinova, treba koristiti kada su plinovi u blizini točke kondenzacije i blizu kritičnih točki, kod visokih tlakova i u ostalim rjeđim slučajevima.

Modeli

Van der Waalsov model

Van der Waalsova jednadžba stanja za realne plinove se često uzima u obzir molarna težina i molarni volumen:

gdje je: ptlak, Ttemperatura, R– univerzalna plinska konstanta, Vmmolarni volumen, a i b su parametri koji se određuju empirijski za svaki plin, ali se ponekad mogu procijeniti uz pomoć kritične temperature (Tc) i kritičnog tlaka (Pc), koristeći slijedeće odnose: [1]

Redlich-Kwongov model

Redlich-Kwongova jednadžba je naredna jednadžba s dva parametra, koja se koristi za opisivanje realnih plinova. Ona je gotovo uvijek točnija od Van der Waalsove jednadžbe, a često je točnija i od jednadžbi s više od dva parametra. Ona glasi:

gdje su a i b dva empirijska parametra koja nisu jednaka parametrima u Van der Waalsovoj jednadžbi. [2]

Berthelotov model i modificirani Berthelotov model

Berthelotova jednadžba se vrlo rijetko koristi: [3]

ali modificirani oblik te jednadžbe je puno točniji:

Dietericijev model

To je dobar model ako treba uzeti u obzir ovisnost o temperaturi: [4]

Clausiusov model

Clausiusova jednadžba je jednostavna jednadžba s tri parametra za opis realnih plinova: [5]

gdje je:

Virialijev model

Virialijeva jednadžba se izvodi iz postupka narušavanja reda statističke mehanike: [6]

ili na drugi način:

gdje su: A, B, C, A′, B′, i C′ konstante ovisne o temperaturi.

Peng-Robinsonov model

Peng-Robinsonova jednadžba je interesantna i korisna, jer se može iskoristiti za opisivanje nekih tekućina i realnih plinova: [7]

Wohlov model

Wohlova jednadžba se koristi za kritične vrijednosti, i korisna je kada konstante za realne plinove nisu dostupne: [8]

gdje je:

Beattie-Bridgemanov model

Jednadžba glasi:

gdje je: d molarna gustoća, i a, b, c, A i B su empirijski parametri.

Benedict-Webb-Rubinov model

Benedict-Webb-Rubinova jednadžba glasi: [9]

gdje je d molarna gustoća, i a, b, c, A, B, C, α, and γ su empirijske konstante.

Izvori

  1. T. L. Hill: Statistical Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley, Reading (1960.), p. 280
  2. "Fundamental fluid mechanics for the practicing engineer", James W. Murdock, publisher = CRC Press, 1993.
  3. Graebe O.: "Marcelin Berthelot", journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1908.
  4. "Dieterici, Friedrich", New International Encyclopedia, 1905.
  5. Clausius R.: [1] "Über die Art der Bewegung, die wir Wärme nennen", journal =Annalen der Physik, 1857.
  6. Collins G. W.: "The Virial Theorem in Stellar Astrophysics", Pachart Press, 1978.
  7. "A New Two-Constant Equation of State", journal = Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: Fundamentals, 1976., Peng, DY, and Robinson
  8. "Otto Ruff und Alfred Wohl, Professoren der 1904 gegründeten Königlichen Technischen Hochschule zu Danzig" Teresa Sokolowska, Romuald Piosik, journal = Chemkon, 2004.
  9. Benedict M., Webb G. B. and Rubin L. C., "An Empirical Equation for Thermodynamic Properties of Light Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures: I. Methane, Ethane, Propane, and n-Butane", J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 8, No.4, pp. 334–345 (1940).

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