Proporcionalni izborni sistem

 
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Glavni članak: Izborni sistem

Proporcionalni ili razmjerni izborni sistem je izraz koji se koristi za izborne sisteme, odnosno metode izbora za predstavnička tijela u kojima se umjesto pojedinačnih kandidata biraju tzv. kandidatske liste, a tako osvojena mjesta (mandati) raspoređuju u skladu s razmjerom (postotkom) glasova koje je određena lista osvojila u odnosu na ukupan zbroj svih glasova. Postoje različite metode kojima se izračunava razmjer glasova, odnosno rješavaju problemi vezani uz višak/manjak i tzv. "propale" glasove; neki od tih sistema predstavljaju i svojevrstan hibrid sa većinskim izbornim sistemima.

Proporcionalni izborni sistemi su se prvi put počeli pojavljivati s razvojem moderna demokracije u 19. vijeku. Jedan od prvih je izradio belgijski matematičar Victor D'Hont, koji je po njemu dobio ime, a koga su s vremenom preuzele brojne evropske države, pogotovo za vrijeme i neposredno nakon prvog svjetskog rata.

Kao argument u prilog proporcionalnog sistema se često navodi da on najvjernije odražava opću volju birača, odnosno dozvoljava da budu adekvatno predstavljene sve političke opcije; proporcionalni sistem također sprečava svemoć vladajuće stranke odnosno promiče višestranačje temeljeno na konsenzusu i dogovoru. Kritičari, pak, drže da proporcionalni sistem isto tako može dati preveliki uticaj ekstremnim strankama, odnosno dovesti do trajne političke nestabilnosti kada se većinska vlada ovisi o podršci niza malih stranaka; glasanje za stranke umjesto pojedinaca pak može dovesti do stvaranja partitokracije i otuđenja predstavnika od svojih birača. Kao jedno od sredstava kojima se nastoji učvrstiti politička stabilnost, mnogi politički sistemi sadrže institut izbornog cenzusa.

Na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije se primjenjivao na izborima u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, a nakon izbora 1990. su ga, u većoj ili manjoj mjeri, preuzele sve bivše jugoslavenske republike te ga u pravilu koriste za izbor predstavničkih tijela na nacionalnoj i regionalnoj i, rjeđe, lokalnoj razini.

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