Paradoks blizanaca

Dijagram Minkovskog - paradoks blizanaca

Paradoks blizanaca predstavlja pokušaj da se metodom svođenja na protivrečnost ospori pojava dilatacije (produženja) vremena iz Ajnštajnove Specijalne teorije relativnosti.

U skladu sa ovom pojavom, ritam rada standardnih merača vremena (časovnika) trebalo bi da se usporava kada se oni nalaze u ravnomernom pravolinijskom kretanju u odnosu na nepokretnog posmatrača (posmatrača iz nekog drugog inercijalnog sistema referencije koji smatramo stacionarnim). Slično tome, vreme ili starenje jednog blizanca koji se nalazi na ultrabrzom kosmičkom putovanju (kreće se brzinom bliskom brzini svetlosti) trebalo bi da izgleda usporeno za njegovog brata blizanca koji je ostao na Zemlji. Samim time, „putujući“ blizanac kada se sa svoga putovanja vrati na Zemlju trebalo bi da izgleda mnogo mlađi od drugog blizanca koji je ostao na Zemlji, odnosno nije se kretao tako velikom-relativističkom brzinom. S druge strane, pošto je kretanje relativno, sasvim je ispravno reći da je blizanac koji je putovao po kosmosu u stvari mirovao, a da se drugi blizanac zajedno sa planetom Zemljom kretao u odnosu na njega velikom-relativističkom brzinom. U tom slučaju, iz istih, prethodno navedenih razloga, blizanac koji je sve vreme bio čvrsto vezan za Zemlju (ostao na Zemlji) treba da na završetku putovanja izgleda i da bude mlađi od svoga brata blizanca, što je u očiglednoj kontradikciji sa prethodnim zaključkom, i što čini suštinu ovog relativističkog paradoksa.

Paradoks je prvi formulisao Lanžven 1911. godine i od tada je više puta osporavan počevši od Ajnštajna lično. Danas preovlađuje mišljenje da paradoksa nema. Ekvivalenciju između blizanaca uklanja ubrzanje kojem se izlaže putujući blizanac pri zaokretu za povratak na Zemlju. Prilikom zaokreta putujući blizanac se izlaže dodatnom ubrzanju koje se, saglasno opštoj teoriji relativnosti, može smatrati ekvivalentnim gravitacionom polju. A u gravitacionom polju tok vremena zavisi od potencijalne energije. Pošto je potencijalna energija putujućeg blizanaca znatno niža to je i tok vremena sporiji od toka vremena na Zemlji, dakle, blizanac na Zemlji brže stari.

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