Pšenica

Pšenica
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo: Plantae
Divizija: Magnoliophyta
Razred: Liliopsida
Red: Poales
Porodica: Poaceae
Potporodica: Pooideae
Tribus: Triticeae
Rod: Triticum
L.

Pšenica (Triticum) je biljni rod jednogodišnjih biljaka iz porodice trava (Graminum). Predstavlja najstariju kultiviranu biljku u historiji čovječanstva i najrašineriju i najvažniju žitaricu u današnjem svijetu.

Istorija

Poreklom je iz jugozapadne Azije iz oblasti poznate kao plodni luk. Istraživanja su pokazala da je najverovatnije mesto odomaćivanja pšenice Dijarbekir u Turskoj[1]. Širenje uzgoja pšenice van plodnog luka počelo je tokom neolitskog perioda, da bi se pre 5000 godina mogla naći u Etiopiji, Indiji Irskoj i Španiji. Milenijum kasnije stigla je i u Kinu. Pre 3000 godina upotreba plugova koje su vukli konji povećala je proizvodnju žitarica koja je nastavila da raste usled upotrebe modernijih mašina i metoda kao i proširivanja obradivog zemljišta.

Privreda

Pšenična zrna se klasifikuju prema osobinama zrna za namenu na tržištu proizvoda. Kupci pšenice upotrebljavaju klasifikacije da im pomognu pri odluci koju pšenicu kupiti, jer svaka klasa ima svoju upotrebu. Proizvođači pšenice određuju koje klase su najprofitabilnije za proizvodnju u određenom sistemu proizvodnje. Pšenica je široko uzgajana jer daje dobar prinos po jedinici površine, dobro raste i u umereno kratkim sezonama i daje visoko kvalitetno bršno koje se koristi u pekarstvu. Hleba se uglavnom pravi od pšeničnog brašna, ali i od drugih žitarica kao što su raž i zob. I mnoge druge vrste hrane se izrađuju od pšeničnog brašna, što rezultuje velikom potražnjom za žitaricama čak i u zemljama sa znatnijim viškom hrane.

Fusnote

  1. ↑ Jorge Dubcovsky and Jan Dvorak, "Genome Plasticity a Key Factor in the Success of Polyploid Wheat Under Domestication", Science 316 [Issue 5853], p. 1862, 29 June 2007

Reference

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