Koloidno zlato

Rastvori nanočestica zlata različitih veličina. Razlike u veličini su uzrok pojave različitih boja.[1]
Razlika potencijala kao funkcija rastojanja od površine čestice.

Koloidno zlato je suspenzija (koloid) čestica zlata fluidu — ovično vodi. Boja suspenzije je intenzivno crvena za čestice manje od 100 nm, dok se jedna od nijansi žute javlja kod većih čestica.[2][3] Usled jedinstvenih optičkih, elektronskih osobina, kao i svojstava molekulskog prepoznavanja nanočestica zlata, one su tema naučnih istraživanja, sa primenama u širokom nizu različitih oblasti, uključujući elektronsku mikroskopiju, elektroniku, nanotehnologiju,[4][5] i nauku o materijalima.

Osobine i primena nanočestica koloidnog zlata zavisi od oblika čestica. Na primer, štapičaste čestice imaju transverzalni i longitudinalni apsorpcioni pik, i anizotropija oblika utiče na njihovo samoformiranje.[6]

Sinteza

Nanočestice zlata se mogu formiraju u tečnosti ("tečnim hemijskim metodima") putem redukcije tetrahloroaurat (III) vodonika (H[AuCl4]), mada postoje i naprednije metode. Nakon rastvaranja H[AuCl4], rastvor se brzo meša uz dodavanje redukujućeg agensa. To uzrokuje redukciju Au3+ jona do neutralnih atoma zlata. Sa formiranjem sve više i više neutralnih atoma zlata, rastvor postaje prezasićen, i zlato postepeno počinje da precipitira u obliku čestica čija veličina je manja od nanometra. Preostali atoma zlata se vezuju za postojeće čestice, i ako se rastvor dovoljno brzo meša, čestice će u znatnoj meri biti uniformne veličine. Da bi se sprečila agregacija čestica, obično se dodaje neka forma stabilišućeg agensa.

Elektronska mikroskopija

Koloidno zlato i njegovi razni derivati su već dugo vremena u širokoj upotrebi kao kontrastni agensi za biološku elektronsku mikroskopiju.[7][8][9][10][11] Čestice koloidnog zlata se mogu vezati za mnoge tradicionalne biološke testove, kao što su antitela, lektini, superantigeni, glikani, nukleinske kiseline,[12] i receptori. Čestice različitih veličina se lako razlikuju u elektronskim mikrograifma, što omogućava eksperimenta sa simultanim višestrukim obeležavanjem.[13]

Reference

  1. Different sizes of colloidal gold particles.
  2. Bernhard Wessling, Conductive Polymer / Solvent Systems: Solutions or Dispersions?, 1996 (on-line here) Arhivirano 2013-01-05 na Archive.is-u
  3. University of Edinburgh School of Physics: Colloids (mentions Elixir of Life) Arhivirano 2006-02-18 na Wayback Machine-u
  4. Paul Mulvaney, University of Melbourne, The beauty and elegance of Nanocrystals, Use since Roman times Arhivirano 2004-10-28 na Wayback Machine-u
  5. C. N. Ramachandra Rao, Giridhar U. Kulkarni, P. John Thomasa, Peter P. Edwards, Metal nanoparticles and their assemblies, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2000, 29, 27-35. (on-line here; mentions Cassius and Kunchel)
  6. Sharma, Vivek; Park, Kyoungweon; Srinivasarao, Mohan (2009). „Colloidal dispersion of gold nanorods: Historical background, optical properties, seed-mediated synthesis, shape separation and self-assembly”. Material Science and Engineering Reports 65 (1–3): 1–38. DOI:10.1016/j.mser.2009.02.002. 
  7. "Colloidal gold, a useful marker for transmission and scanning electron microscopy" by M Horisberger and J Rosset
    Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Volume 25, Issue 4, pp. 295-305, 04/01/1977
    [1] Arhivirano 2008-12-01 na Wayback Machine-u
  8. Electron Microscopy, 2nd Edition, by John J. Bozzola, Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2 Sub edition (October 1998) ISBN 0-7637-0192-0
  9. Practical Electron Microscopy: A Beginner's Illustrated Guide, by Elaine Evelyn Hunter. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition (September 24, 1993) ISBN 0-521-38539-3
  10. Electron Microscopy: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), by John Kuo (Editor). Humana Press; 2nd edition (February 27, 2007) ISBN 1-58829-573-7
  11. "Staphylococcal protein a bound to colloidal gold: A useful reagent to label antigen-antibody sites in electron microscopy", by Egidio L Romanoa and Mirtha Romanoa. Immunochemistry Volume 14, Issues 9-10, September–October 1977, Pages 711-715, DOI:10.1016/0019-2791(77)90146-X
  12. Simultaneous visualization of chromosome bands and hybridization signal using colloidal-gold labeling in electron microscopy [2] Arhivirano 2015-09-24 na Wayback Machine-u
  13. „Double labeling with colloidal gold particles of different sizes”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-03-30. Pristupljeno 2014-06-20. 

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