Haridžiti

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Haridžiti (arap. خوارج Khawārij — "oni koji su otišli",[1] jedn. خارجي Khāriji) je termin koji se opisuju muslimani koji su ispočetka podržavali autoritet posljednjeg rašidunskog kalifa Alije da bi ga kasnije odbacili. Prvi put su se pojavili u drugoj polovici 7. vijeka u današnjem južnom Iraku te isprofilirali u pravac islama različit i od sunita i od šijita.

Haridžiti su, ispočetka motivirani politikom, razvili doktrine koje su ih razlikovale od sunita i šijita, a pri čemu se posebno ističe radikalna verzija tekfira prema kojoj su svi ostali muslimani nevjernici koji zaslužuju smrt. Haridžiti su se kroz historiju nazivali i Šurah (arap. الشُراة Shurah), doslovno "kupci" po čime se u kontekstu islamskih spisa i filozofije podrazumijevalo "oni koji su zamijenili smrtni život (el Dunja (arap. al-Dunya)) za drugi život [sa Bogom] (el Akirah (arap. al-Aakhirah))", a to je izraz koji su haridžiti koristili i sami za sebe.

Razlike između sunita, šijita i haridžita su sljedeće:

  • Suniti vjeruju da odluke pravednog kalifa Alije nisu opravdale nijedan oblik pobune.
  • Šijiiti vjeruju da je imamat (vodstvo) bilo Alijino pravo, te da je vladavina prva tri rašidunska kalifa (Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, Umar bin al-Khattab i Uthman ibn Affan) bila nevaljana.
  • Haridžiti inzistiraju da svaki musliman može biti vođa muslimanske zajednice te da ima pravo dići ustanak protiv svakog vladara koji ne poštuje njihovo tumačenje islama.

Od haridžita su danas preživjeli jedino ibadi koji žive u Omanu, Zanzibaru i Sjevernoj Africi i koji za sebe odbacuju oznaku "haridžita", nazivajuće se umjesto toga ahl al-ʿadl wa al-istiqama (arap. أهل العدل و الاستقامة ahl al-ʿadl wa al-istiqama — "Ljudi pravde i uspravljenosti"). Među ranim haridžitskim grupama je bila haruriti; poznata po tome što je dozvoljavala ženama da budu imami i po tome da je njihov član Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam bio Alijin ubica.

Izvori

  1. ↑ "Schisms and Heterodoxy among the Muslims", hosted on irfi.org

Dodatna literatura

  • J J Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, Routledge (UK), 1 October 1972 ISBN 0-415-05914-3

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