Glodavci

Glodavci
Indijska vjeverica (Funambulus palmarum)
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo: Animalia
Koljeno: Chordata
Razred: Mammalia
Podrazred: Eutheria
Nadred: Euarchontoglires
Red: Rodentia
Bowdich, 1821.
Rasprostranjenost glodavaca

Glodavci (latinski: Rodentia) zvani i dvozupci su najveći red sisavaca, od oko 4 000 vrsta, što predstavlja oko 42% svih vrsta sisavaca. Žive širom svijeta po svim kontinentima osim po Antarktiku, i po svim mogućim terenima. Veličina tijela im se razlikuje od vrste do vrste, od oko 5 cm koliko ima afrički patuljasti miš pa do oko 120 cm dugog vodenog prasca - kapibare[1], no većina vrsta je velika između 8 i 35 cm.

Karakteristike

Oko 4 000 vrsta glodavaca podijeljeni su na temelju njihove anatomije u tri dobro definirana podreda i više od 30 porodica; [1]

  • Sciuromorpha ili vjeveroliki glodavci, među kojima su razne vrste vjeverica, tamijasa, svizaca, mrmota, prerijskih pasa (Cynomys gunnisoni), stobolaca, džepnih miševa, klokanskih štakora i dabrova. [1]

Anatomija

Oblik tijela im je uglavnom vrlo sličan, osim kod malog broja iznimki koji su se prilagodili posebnim uvjetima u sredinama u kojema žive, i razvili i neke karakteristične tjelesne osobine (snažne stražne skočne noge, prednje noge za kopanje, letne kožice i slično).

Zubalo

Tipično zubalo glodavca

Najvažnija karakteristika svih glodavaca su njihovi zubi, naglašeni sjekutić u gornjoj i donjoj čeljusti kojima glođu, zbog te osobine su i dobili latinsko ime - Rodentia, ono je sintagma od glagola rodere = glodati i imenice dentis= zubi.[2]

Trajno zubalo glodavaca ima 16 ili 20 zubi, u svakoj polovici čeljusti imaju po jedan sjekutić (Dens incisivus), koji se zove i zub glodavac. Donji sjekutići su najčešće duži od gornjih. Iza njih dolazi prazan prostor koji se zove Diastema, a očnjaci im nisu razvijeni.

Glodavci najčešće imaju samo jednu vrst zubi od rođenja, koji im ne ispadaju da im izrastu novi, samo vrste iz nadporodice - Cavioidea, (morski praščići, činčile) imaju mliječne zube, ali ih trajni zubi zamjenjuju još prije rođenja.

Zubi glodavaca u pravilu nemaju korijen, na mjestu gdje izrastaju postoji zubna šupljina, te oni rastu tokom cijelog života, ali njihovi kutnjaci imaju ograničen rast. I tu su - Cavioidea, iznimke, jer oni imaju sve zube bez korijena, pa im njihovi vlasnici trebaju redovno kontrolirati i kutnjake. Lijeva i desna strana zubala su simetrične, kao i kod svih drugih sisavaca.

Način života

Većina glodavaca, zbog straha od predatora, ide u potragu za hranom noću ili u sumrak, ali ih se može sresti i danju. Neke vrste žive pojedinačno a neke u grupama koje ponekad mogu imati i više od 100 jedinki. Glodavci žive u svim sredinama, pa čak i po visokim krošnjama, gdje živi leteća vjeverica. Nema ih jedino na Antarktici i po nekim manjim otocima kao ni u moru.

Glodavci i zečevi (Leporidae) su razvili poseban oblik teško probavljive biljne hrane koju jedu - caecotrofiju. Uz bilje, ponovo jedu i određeni dio vlastitog izmeta, pa na taj način hrana dvaput prolazi kroz probavni sistem.

Izvori

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 „rodent” (engleski). Columbia Encyclopedia. Pristupljeno 15. 05. 2012. 
  2. ↑ Pearsall, J., ur. (2002). The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 10th ed. rev.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. str. 1 239. ISBN 978-0-19-860572-0. 

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