Električni izolator

Izolator je dielektrični materijal koji pruža vrlo veliki električni otpor prolazu slobodnih elektrona (ili jona).

Materijali koji su dobri električni izolatori su vakuum, vazduh, staklo, keramika, plastika, guma i drugi. Zbog toga se izolacija električnih žica i kablova najčešće pravi od gume ili plastike, a visokonaponski vodovi nemaju nikakvu izolaciju osim vazduha. Za metalne, betonske i drvene stubove su povezani preko keramičkih izolatora.

Značajne osobine izolatora su njegov otpor (tipično reda gigaoma) i naponska izdržljivost (otpornost na napon prije probijanja iskre).

Na nivou atomske strukture, izolatori imaju vrlo malo slobodnih elektrona, i više od 4 valentna elektrona u posljednjoj elektronskoj ljusci.

Nadzemne mreže elektroenergetskih vodova

Izolatori su elementi nazdemne mreže elektro energetskih vodova koji služe da omoguće fizičko odvajanje provodnika i stuba i istovremeno omogućavaju montažu provodnika na stub. Izolatori se rade od porcelana, stakla i u novije vrijeme od sintetickih materijala.

Razlikujemo izolatore za:

niski
srednji i
visoki napon.

Izolatori se na stub montira preko nosača i može se mehanički i električno pojačati. Mehanički pojačati izolator znači umjesto jednog upotrijebiti dva ili više, a električno pojačati izolator znači povećati jednominutni podnosivi napon po kiši pri frekvenciji od 50 Hz, za 15 % u odnosu na jednominutni podnosivi napon preostalog dijela voda

Izolatori za niski napon:

U upotrebi su izolator za noseći stub Ņ95 i izolator za zatezni stub N80
U srednjenaponskim vodovima (10, 20, 35 kV) upotrebljavaju se potporni i viseći izolatori. Potporni izolatori se pričvršćuju čvrsto u stubnu konstrukciju, a viseći se upotrebljavaju u obliku izolatorskog lanca i slobodno se njišu oko tačke vješanja.
Potporni izolatori se primjenjuju smao u vodovima srednjeg napona dok se viseći upotrebljavaju i u vodovima srednjeg i visokog napona.

Najpoznatiji potporni izolatori su: Ps i LSP. Ps izolatori su ređe upotrebljavaju u odnosu na LSP, jer su LSP izolatori znatno bolje mehaničke čvrsoće i izolacione moći i mogu da idu na sve vrste regulisanog i ne regulisanog terena.

Literatura

Principles of Electric Circuits, 7th edition, Thomas I. Floyd, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-098576-7, strane 25 do 27

Povezano

Spoljašnje veze

Električni izolator na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

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