Drevna Libija

Libijac na drevnom egipatskom crtežu

Drevna Libija je bila oblast koja se prostirala zapadno od Doline Nila, a koja odgovara današnjoj Sjevernoj Africi. Za njene stanovnike se smatra da su preci današnjih Berbera.[1]

U grčkom periodu se za Berbere koristio izraz "Libijci"[2] a njihova zemlja, odnosno "Libija" prostirala od suvremenog Maroka do zapadnih granica Drevnog Egipta. To uključuje i dijelove suvremenog Egipta kao što je Oaza Siwa, gdje se govori berberski Siwi jezik.

Etimologija i evolucija imena

Naziv Libija se prvi put spominje u staroegipatskim zapisima kada se spominju brojna libijska plemena: Tjehenu, Tamahu, Meshwesh i Libu (odnosno Ribu), prema kojima je Libija dobila ime.

S Libuima su se borili faraoni 19. dinastije kao što su Ramzes II i Merneptah, a koji su vladali u 13. vijeku pne. Naziv Libu se stoga prvi put spominje na Merneptahovoj steli također poznatoj kao Izraelska stela:

[...] Opaki poglavica Libua[3] pobjegao je u okrilju noći bez pera u glavi, bosonog, sa suprugama otetim pred njegovim vlastitim očima, oduzetom hranom i bez vode u kesi da ga održi na životu; lica njegove braće divljaju željom da ga ubiju, njegovi se pobočnici bore jedan protiv druga, njegovi logori spaljeni i pretvoreni u pepeo...[4]

Nakon toga se naziv često spominje u faraonskim spisima. Zbog toga se pretpostavlja da je naziv "Libija" došao od egipatskog naziva za pleme Libu. Prema toj teoriji naziv su preuzeli grčki kolonisti u Kirenajci koji su živjeli zajedno s Libuima.[5] Kasnije je preuzeto i u hebrejskom jeziku nakon što se u Bibliji pojavljuju nazivi Lehabim i Lubim za narod i njegovu teritoriju.

Nešto kasnije su Puni za koristili izraz Lby za Libijca i Lbt za Libijku.

Karta svijeta po Herodotu
Karta svijeta po Herodotu

U grčkim izvorima se naziv prvi put pojavljuje u Homerovoj Odiseji, ali opisuje samo zemlju, dok su njeni stanovnici prozvani Lotofazima. Herodot je, pak, izraz Libijci počeo koristiti za svjetlopute stanovnike Afrike (osim Egipćana), dok se za tamnopute Afrikance koristio izraz Etiopljani. Sama je Libija postala jedan od tri tada poznata kontinenta - uz Evropu i Aziju.

Herodotov naziv su ispočetka prihvatili i Rimljani, ali su ga s vremenom ograničili jedino na Kirenajku, dok su za Sjeverozapadnu Afriku počeli koristiti izraz Africa koji se danas koristi za cijeli kontinent. Izraz Libija se zato postupno počeo ograničavati na teritoriju današnje istoimene države.

Izvori

  1. ↑ „Gabriel Camps, L'origin des berbères”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-01-29. Pristupljeno 2008-04-02. 
  2. ↑ Brian M. Fagan, Roland Oliver, Africa in the Iron Age: C. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400 p. 47
  3. ↑ Egipatsko pismo nije koristilo samoglasnike. Naziv Libu se pisao kao LBW ili RBW na egipatskim hijeroglifima.
  4. ↑ After Gardiner, Alan Henderson (1964) Egypt of the Pharaohs: an introduction Oxford University Press, London, p. 273, ISBN 0-19-500267-9, from the Stele of Merenptah.
  5. ↑ Fage, J. D. (ed.) (1978) "The Libyans" The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 BC to AD 1050 volume II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, p. 141, ISBN 0-521-21592-7

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