Avogadrov zakon

Avogadrov zakon je jedan od plinskih zakona. Nazvan je prema Amedeu Avogadru koji je 1811. godine iznio pretpostavku da se u jednakim volumenima svih plinova pri istim uvjetima temperature i tlaka nalazi jednak broj čestica (molekula). Dakle, broj molekula u određenom volumenu plina ne ovisi o njihovoj veličini ili masi. Zbog toga se došlo do pojma molarne mase, a to je masa 1 mola neke supstance, tj masa čestica te supstance puta Avogadrov broj. Avogadrov broj kazuje koliko ima atoma ugljika-12 u 1 molu ugljika. Taj broj je 6,022045 x 1023. Mol je ona množina tvari u sustavu koji sadrži toliko elementarnih jedinki tvari koliko ima atoma u 0,012 kg izotopa ugljika-12. [1]

Prema Avogadru najsitnija čestica plina je molekula. Izuzetak čine plemeniti plinovi koji zbog svoje stabilne elektronske konfiguracije ne tvore molekule, već se nalaze u obliku pojedinačnih atoma. Na primjer, molekule vodika i dušika, u jednakom obujmu, imaju jednak broj molekula, ako se nalaze pod jednakim tlakom i temperaturom, bez obzira što su molekule dušika 14 puta teže od molekula vodika. U primjeni, stvarni plinovi vrlo malo odstupaju od ponašanja idealnih plinova, pa se i plinski zakoni mogu koristiti za veliku većinu primjena.

Matematička definicija

Avogadrov zakon se matematički definira kao:

gdje je :

Vobujam plina (m3)
nmnožina tvari ili broj molekula (ili atoma) plina
k – proporcionalna fizikalna konstanta

Najvažniji rezultat Avogadrovog zakona je određivanje opće plinske konstante za idealne plinove, koja ima jednaku vrijednost za sve plinove. To znači da vrijedi:

gdje je :

p – tlak plina (Pa)
T – apsolutna temperatura plina (K)

Jednadžba stanja idealnih plinova

Ako se Avogadrov zakon preuredi, i za fizikalnu konstantu uvedemo oznaku R, dobijemo:

Gornja jednadžba je poznata kao jednadžba stanja idealnog plina.

Obujam jednog mola

Za standardni tlak 101,325 kPa i temperaturu 293,15 K, obujam jednog mola idealnog plina iznosi:

Za 100 kPa i 273,15 K, obujam jednog mola idealnog plina iznosi 22,414 dm3 ili 22,414 litre.

Izvori

  1. Amadeo Avogadro: "Essai d'une maniere de determiner les masses relatives des molecules elementaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons", journal = Journal de Physique, 1810. English translation

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