Хоральная синагога

Хоральная синагога (идиш: хоршул) — разновидность синагог, которые строились в Восточной Европе, от Венгрии до России[1]. Такие синагоги олицетворяли идеи еврейского просвещения (хаскала) и отчасти реформировали традиционные еврейские обычаи (минхаг)[2].

В таких синагогах к концу XIX века вошло в моду канторское пение. Для усиления эффекта кантор пел в сопровождении небольшого мужского хора, обычно от четырёх до семи-восьми человек. По этой причине такие синагоги стали именовать «хоральными»[3]. Проповеди в хоральных синагогах часто проводились на местных языках (немецкий, русский и т. д.), украшали интерьер и размещали скамьи, обращённые к восточной стене, где находился ковчег (в традиционных синагогах бима стояла в центре зала)[1][2]. Однако эти изменения не распространялись на религиозные убеждения и обычаи. Поэтому различия между хоральными и традиционными синагогами носили скорее эстетический характер[4][5][6].

Действующие хоральные синагоги

Недействующие или разрушенные хоральные синагоги

Примечания

  1. ↑ 1 2 Krinsky, Carol Herselle Synagogue Architecture. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Дата обращения: 6 октября 2014. Архивировано 10 октября 2014 года.
  2. ↑ 1 2 Meir, Natan M. Kiev, Jewish Metropolis: A History, 1859-1914 (англ.). — Indiana University Press, 2010. — P. 172. — ISBN 9780253222077.
  3. ↑ Чем отличается «хоральная» синагога от просто синагоги? Дата обращения: 13 сентября 2017. Архивировано 13 сентября 2017 года.
  4. ↑ Levin, Vladimir. A Historical Overview // Synagogues in Lithuania. A Catalogue (неопр.). — Vilnius Academy of Arts Press, 2010. — Т. I. — С. 27. — ISBN 978-9955-854-60-9.
  5. ↑ Vladimir Levin (2020). "Reform or Consensus? Choral Synagogues in the Russian Empire". Arts. 9: 1–49. doi:10.3390/arts9020072.{{cite journal}}: Википедия:Обслуживание CS1 (не помеченный открытым DOI) (ссылка)
  6. ↑ Vladimir Levin and Anna Berezin (2022). "Jewish Prayer in the Heart of Russia: Synagogues along the Volga". Ars Judaica. 18: 111–144. doi:10.3828/arsjudaica.2022.18.6.

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