Теорема Шокли — Рамо

Теорема Шокли — Рамо — это метод расчёта электрического тока, индуцированного зарядом, движущимся вблизи электрода. Он основан на идее, согласно которой ток, индуцируемый в электроде, возникает из-за мгновенного изменения линий электростатического поля, которые заканчиваются на электроде, а не количества заряда, получаемого электродом в секунду. Теорема появилась в статье Уильяма Шокли 1938 года «Токи в проводниках, индуцированные движущимся точечным зарядом» (англ. Currents to Conductors Induced by a Moving Point Charge)[1] и годом позже в статье Саймона Рамо 1939 года, озаглавленной «Токи, индуцированные движением электрона» (англ. Currents Induced by Electron Motion)[2].

Теорема Шокли — Рамо утверждает, что мгновенный ток i, индуцируемый на данном электроде из-за движения заряда, определяется выражением:

где

q — заряд частицы
v — её мгновенная скорость
Ev — составляющая электрического поля в направлении v в точке положения заряда при следующих условиях: заряд удалён, потенциал данного электрода увеличен до единичного потенциала и все другие проводники заземлены.

Эта теорема нашла применение в самых разных приложениях и областях, включая детектирование излучения полупроводниками[3] и расчёты движения заряда в белках[4].

Примечания

  1. ↑ Shockley, W. (1938). "Currents to Conductors Induced by a Moving Point Charge". Journal of Applied Physics. 9 (10): 635—636. Bibcode:1938JAP.....9..635S. doi:10.1063/1.1710367.
  2. ↑ Ramo, S. (1939). "Currents Induced by Electron Motion". Proceedings of the IRE. 27 (9): 584—585. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228757.
  3. ↑ He, Z (2001). "Review of the Shockley–Ramo theorem and its application in semiconductor gamma-ray detectors" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 463 (1—2): 250—267. Bibcode:2001NIMPA.463..250H. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(01)00223-6. Архивировано (PDF) 29 июня 2022. Дата обращения: 11 августа 2021.
  4. ↑ Eisenberg, Bob (2007). "Shockley-Ramo theorem measures conformation changes of ion channels and proteins". Journal of Computational Electronics. 6 (1—3): 363—365. doi:10.1007/s10825-006-0130-6.

 

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