Поверхностная электромиграция

Поверхностная электромиграция (англ. surface electromigration) — направленное движение частиц (атомов) на поверхности образца, происходящее при пропускании через него электрического тока.

Описание

Поверхностная электромиграция наблюдается как в гомо-, так и в гетеросистемах. В случае гомоэлектромиграции изменение направления тока изменяет морфологию поверхности, в частности, структуру ступеней. При гетероэлектромиграции наблюдается преимущественный массоперенос адсорбата в сторону одного из электродов (анода или катода).

При формальном описании поверхностной электромиграции эффективная сила, действующая на мигрирующий на поверхности атом, пропорциональна электрическому полю и записывается как сумма двух компонент:

F = Fd + Fw = e (Zd + Zw) E = e Z E

где Fd — «прямая» сила, действующая на атом (ион) за счет его электростатического взаимодействия с приложенным полем; Fw — сила «ветра», которая возникает из-за передачи импульса от носителей заряда (электронов) при их рассеянии на атоме; Z = Zd + Zw — суммарный эффективный заряд атома, измеренный в единицах заряда электрона.

Для электромиграции атомов, адсорбированных на поверхности металлов, сила электронного «ветра» преобладает, поэтому направление движения адатомов (еще не встроенных в решетку атомов) совпадает с направлением потока электронов в сторону анода. Для электромиграции на поверхности полупроводников, в зависимости от конкретного случая, знак может быть как отрицательным, так и положительным. Так, например, атомы серебра или индия на поверхности кремния электромигрируют в сторону катода, а атомы золота на той же поверхности движутся в сторону анода.

Источники

  • Оура К., Лифшиц В. Г., Саранин А. А. и др. Введение в физику поверхности / Под ред. В. И. Сергиенко. — М.: Наука, 2006. — 490 с.
  • Yasunaga H., Natori A. Electromigration on semiconductor surfaces // Surface Science Reports. 1992. V. 15. P. 205–280.

Ссылки

Read other articles:

Castlegar

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la Colombie-Britannique. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Castlegar Panneau de bienvenue à l'entrée de la cité. Administration Pays Canada Province Colombie-Britannique Subdivision régionale District régional de Central Kootenay Statut municipal cité (city) Maire Mandat Maria McFaddin 2022-2026 Constitution 1946 Démographie Population 8 039 ...

 

Mémoire (sciences humaines)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir mémoire. Les formes et fonctions de la mémoire en sciences. La mémoire désigne à la fois la capacité d'un individu ou d'un groupe humain de se souvenir de faits passés et se souvenir de lui-même. Histoire Dans la mythologie grecque, entre autres d'après Hésiode, Mnémosyne est la déesse de la Mémoire. Aristote, auteur du premier traité sur la mémoire (De la Mémoire et de la réminiscence), considère que le cœur est le siège de l'intelligenc...

 

Kasserine

35°10′N 8°50′E / 35.167°N 8.833°E / 35.167; 8.833 Place in Kasserine Governorate, TunisiaKasserine ڨصرينArcade of Kasserine.KasserineLocation in TunisiaCoordinates: 35°10′N 8°50′E / 35.167°N 8.833°E / 35.167; 8.833Country TunisiaGovernorateKasserine GovernorateDelegation(s)Kasserine North, Kasserine South, EzzouhourGovernment • MayorMohamed Kamel Hamzaoui (Nidaa Tounes) Population (2020) • T...

Coppa Fawcus

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento competizioni calcistiche non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce sull'argomento calcio è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Coppa FawcusTrofeo Copp...

 

Menander I

2nd-century BCE Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek king Menander IMaharaja BasileusPortrait of Menander I Soter, from his coinageIndo-Greek KingReign165/155–130 BCPredecessorAntimachus IISuccessorStrato I (Agathoclea as regent)Bornc. 180 BCKalisi (in present-day Bagram, Afghanistan)[1][2] or Sagala (present-day Sialkot, Pakistan)[3]Died130 BC (aged 50)Sagala (present-day Sialkot)BurialStupas across the Indo-Greek KingdomConsortAgathocleaIssueStrato IReligionGreco-Bu...

 

James Patterson

American author (born 1947) This article is about American author. For other people, see James Patterson (disambiguation). James PattersonBornJames Brendan Patterson (1947-03-22) March 22, 1947 (age 77)Newburgh, New York, U.S.Alma materManhattan CollegeVanderbilt UniversityGenreMystery, young adult fiction, thriller, comedy, realistic fiction, romance, science fiction, fantasyNotable worksAlex Cross seriesWomen's Murder Club seriesMaximum Ride seriesMichael Bennett seriesMiddle Scho...

Stream bed

Channel bottom of a stream, river, or creek Riverbed redirects here. For other uses, see Riverbed (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Stream bed – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A woman digs in a d...

 

ソー (オー＝ド＝セーヌ県)

Sceaux 行政国 フランス地域圏 (Région) イル＝ド＝フランス地域圏県 (département) オー＝ド＝セーヌ県郡 (arrondissement) アントニー郡小郡 (canton) 小郡庁所在地INSEEコード 92071郵便番号 92330市長（任期） フィリップ・ローラン（2008年-2014年）自治体間連合 (fr) メトロポール・デュ・グラン・パリ人口動態人口 19,679人（2007年）人口密度 5466人/km2住民の呼称 Scéens地理座標 北緯48度4...

 

Mämmi

Finnish rye-based dessert associated with Easter celebrations Mammi redirects here. For the Italian actress, see Fulvia Mammi. For the 2011 film with a similar title, see Maami. MämmiAlternative namesMemma (Swedish)TypeDessertPlace of originFinlandMain ingredientsWater, rye flour, powdered malted rye, (molasses), Seville orange zest, salt  Media: Mämmi Mämmi with cream and sugar Mämmi (Finnish: [ˈmæmːi]; Swedish: memma) is a traditional Finnish dessert, eaten around Ea...

1940 United States Senate election in Maine

For related races, see 1940 United States Senate elections. 1940 United States Senate election in Maine ← 1934 September 9, 1940 1946 →   Nominee Owen Brewster Louis Brann Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 150,149 105,740 Percentage 58.61% 41.27% County results Brewster:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Brann:      50–60%    ...

 

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...

 

The Seduction (album)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Seduction album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1981 studio album by LudusThe SeductionStudio album by LudusReleased1981 (1981)GenrePost-punkLabelNew Hormones The S...

Environmental issues in Australia

Environmental issues in Australia describes a number of environmental issues which affect the environment of Australia and are the primary concern of the environmental movement in Australia. There are a range of such issues, some of the relating to conservation in Australia. Others, for example the deteriorating state of Murray-Darling Basin, have a direct and serious effect on human land use and the economy. Many human activities including the use of natural resources have a direct impact o...

 

Jayapur

Village in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaJayapurVillageSansad Adarsh Gram under the constituency of Indian Prime MinisterJayapurLocation in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaShow map of Uttar PradeshJayapurJayapur (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 25°12′59″N 82°49′24″E / 25.2163225°N 82.8232959°E / 25.2163225; 82.8232959Country IndiaStateUttar PradeshDistrictVaranasiAssembly segmentSevapuriBlockAaraji LineGram panchayat code74Government • BodyGram pa...

 

Erasmus Prize

Annual award AwardErasmus PrizeAwarded forNotable contributions to European culture, society, or social scienceCountryNetherlandsReward(s)€150,000[1]First awarded1958Last awardedAnnual award[1]Websitehttp://www.erasmusprijs.org/  The Erasmus Prize is an annual prize awarded by the board of the Praemium Erasmianum Foundation to individuals or institutions that have made exceptional contributions to culture, society, or social science in Europe and the rest of the world.&...

2019年摩爾多瓦憲政危機

2019年摩爾多瓦憲政危機2019年摩爾多瓦議會選舉後續的一部分伊戈尔·多东（左）、巴维尔·菲利普（右）日期2019年6月7日 (2019-06-07)－15日地點 摩尔多瓦結果 巴维尔·菲利普連同菲利普內閣（英语：Filip Cabinet）集體辭職 弗拉基米爾·普拉霍尼克（英语：Vladimir Plahotniuc）逃離本國 憲法法院撤銷自己的判決 邁亞·桑杜的內閣（英语：Sandu Cabinet）成為摩爾多瓦的唯一行政�...

 

My Brilliant Friend (TV series)

2018 Italian-American television series My Brilliant FriendGenre Drama Coming-of-age[1] Created bySaverio CostanzoBased onNeapolitan Novelsby Elena FerranteWritten by Elena Ferrante Francesco Piccolo Laura Paolucci Saverio Costanzo Directed by Saverio Costanzo Alice Rohrwacher Daniele Luchetti Starring Gaia Girace Margherita Mazzucco (See full cast list) Narrated byAlba RohrwacherComposerMax RichterCountry of origin Italy United States Original languages Neapolitan Italian No. of sea...

 

Camiola Turinga

Miniatura dal De mulieribus claris Cameola Turinga (1310 – Messina, 21 maggio 1345) è stata una nobildonna italiana. Biografia Conosciuta anche come Caméola Turinga era figlia di un cavaliere, Lorenzo di Turingia, e di una nobildonna messinese (probabilmente della famiglia Bonfiglio). Camiola era nata intorno al 1310 e, dopo la morte dei genitori e del marito, che era forse un mercante senese, ereditò un notevole patrimonio[1]. Camiola, che è descritta nelle fonti come donna bel...

Endorphins

Hormones and neuropeptides For other uses, see Endorphins (disambiguation). Cocoa powder helps most among the edible substances to produce endorphins in human body. Endorphins (contracted from endogenous morphine)[1][2][3] are peptides produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing. They are produced and stored in the pituitary gland of the brain. Endorphins are endogenous painkillers often produced in the brain and adrenal m...

 

Carl Snavely

American football and baseball coach (1894–1975) Carl SnavelySnavely from 1951 Yackety Yack, North Carolina yearbookBiographical detailsBorn(1894-07-30)July 30, 1894Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.DiedJuly 12, 1975(1975-07-12) (aged 80)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Playing careerFootball1911–1914Lebanon ValleyBaseballc. 1914Lebanon Valley1914York White Roses / Lancaster Red Roses1915Chambersburg Maroons Position(s)First baseman (baseball)Coaching career (HC unless noted)Football1921Marietta (b...