Перегонный куб

Устройство простейшего перегонного аппарата
Самогонный аппарат. Армения, 2005 год

Аппарат перегонный  — прибор, служащий для перегонки жидкостей. Устройство перегонных кубов довольно разнообразно. Обыкновенно они представляют цилиндрический, сравнительно с диаметром невысокий котёл с выпуклым, плоским или вогнутым дном и куполообразной крышкой, снабжённой шлемом, переходящим в пароотводную трубу. У самого дна делается кран для выпуска остатка от перегонки. Куб (название это произошло посредством искажённой интерпретации широко используемого алхимиками латинского слова "cupa" (емкость, бочка)[1], побуквенно прочитанного в России как "куп") нагревается или непосредственно огнём, для чего он вмазывается в кирпичную кладку с топкой внизу, или паром — закрытым (то есть циркулирующим внутри змеевика, помещаемого в перегонный куб) или прямым. В последнем случае пар впускается с помощью трубки в перегоняемую жидкость непосредственно. Иногда для нагревания паром делают куб с двойными стенками, между которыми и пускают пар — это так называемый куб с паровой рубашкой.

Автором перегонного куба иногда называют Клеопатру Алхимика[1], а иногда Ар-Рази.

Примечания

  1. ↑ Stanton J. Linden. The alchemy reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press. 2003. p.44

См. также

Ссылки

Read other articles:

Eliza Sam

Eliza SamLahir17 November 1984 (umur 39)Vancouver, KanadaPendidikanUniversitas Politeknik KwantlenPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif2010–2018Suami/istriJoshua Ngo ​(m. 2016)​Anak1 Eliza Sam Hanzi tradisional: 岑麗香 Hanzi sederhana: 岑丽香 Alih aksara Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Cén Lìxiāng Yue (Kantonis) - Jyutping: sam4 lai6 hoeng1 Dalam nama Tionghoa ini, nama keluarganya adalah Sam. Eliza Sam (Hanzi: 岑麗香; lahir 17 November 1984) adalah se...

 

Edouard Daladier

Édouard Daladier perdana menteri PrancisMasa jabatan31 January 1933 – 26 October 1933PresidenAlbert Lebrun PendahuluJoseph Paul-BoncourPenggantiAlbert SarrautMasa jabatan30 January 1934 – 9 February 1934PresidenAlbert Lebrun PendahuluCamille ChautempsPenggantiGaston DoumergueMasa jabatan10 April 1938 – 21 March 1940PresidenAlbert Lebrun PendahuluLéon BlumPenggantiPaul Reynaud Informasi pribadiLahir18 June 1884Carpentras, Vaucluse, FranceMeninggal10 Oktober 1...

 

Henk Wullems

Henk Wullems NAC melawan AZ67 3-0, pelatih baru NAC Henk Wullems, 1973Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Henk WullemsTanggal lahir (1936-01-21)21 Januari 1936Tempat lahir Haarlem, Belanda,Tanggal meninggal 15 Agustus 2020(2020-08-15) (umur 84)Tempat meninggal Udenhout, Belanda,Posisi bermain DefenderKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1954–1957 RCH ?? (??)1957–1962 KFC ?? (??)1962-1965 RCH Kepelatihan1972–1975 NAC Breda1977-1983 SBV Vitesse1883–1986 Go Ahead Eagles1990–1993 AZ1995�...

Dead or Alive 6

2019 video gameDead or Alive 6Cover art featuring a visibly injured KasumiDeveloper(s)Team NinjaPublisher(s)Koei TecmoDirector(s)Yohei ShimboriProducer(s)Yohei ShimboriDesigner(s)Tom Lee[1]Programmer(s)Taku Sugawara[2]Artist(s)Yutaka Saito[3]Writer(s)Yutaka SaitoComposer(s)Hiromu AkabaYosuke KinoshitaSeriesDead or AlivePlatform(s)PlayStation 4WindowsXbox OneArcadeReleasePS4, Windows, Xbox OneWW: March 1, 2019ArcadeJP: July 18, 2019Genre(s)FightingMode(s)Single-player, ...

 

Invasi Soviet ke Manchuria (1945)

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang Invasi Soviet 1945. Untuk Invasi Rusia, lihat Invasi Rusia ke Manchuria. Operasi Strategis Ofensif ManchuriaBagian dari Perang Soviet–Jepang dalam Perang Dunia IIInvasi Soviet ke Manchuria, Agustus 1945Tanggal9–20 Agustus 1945LokasiManchuria/Manchukuo, Mongolia Dalam/Mengjiang, dan utara KoreaHasil Kemenangan SekutuPerubahanwilayah Pembebasan Manchuria, Mongolia Dalam dan Korea utara, dan runtuhnya negara boneka Jepang di sana. Partisi Semenanjung Korea....

 

Août 1795

Août 1795 Nombre de jours 31 Premier jour Samedi 1er août 17956e jour de la semaine 31 Dernier jour Lundi 31 août 17951er jour de la semaine 36 Calendrier août 1795 Sem Lu Ma Me Je Ve Sa Di 31 1er 2 32 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 33 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 34 17 18 19 20 21 22 23  35 24 25 26 27 28 29 30  36 31 1795 • Années 1790 • XVIIIe siècle Mois précédent et suivant Juillet 1795 Septembre 1795 Août précédent et suivant Août 1794 Août 1796 Chronologies par z...

Illja Škuryn

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori bielorussi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Ilja Škuryn Nazionalità  Bielorussia Altezza 188 cm Peso 80 kg Calcio Ruolo Attaccante Squadra  Stal Mielec Carriera Giovanili 2016-2017 Vicebsk Squadre di club1 2018-2019 Vicebsk11 (1)2019-2020 Ėnerhetyk-BDU Minsk26 (19)2020 Dinamo Brėst0 (0)2020-2021 CSKA Mosca13 (3)...

 

Золотой век Грузии

История Грузииსაქართველოს ისტორია Доисторическая Грузия Шулавери-шомутепинская культураКуро-араксская культураТриалетская культураКолхидская культураКобанская культураДиаухиМушки Древняя история КолхидаАриан-КартлиИберийское царство ФарнавазидыГруз�...

 

Locality-sensitive hashing

Algorithmic technique using hashing In computer science, locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) is a fuzzy hashing technique that hashes similar input items into the same buckets with high probability.[1] (The number of buckets is much smaller than the universe of possible input items.)[1] Since similar items end up in the same buckets, this technique can be used for data clustering and nearest neighbor search. It differs from conventional hashing techniques in that hash collisions ...

Bremen

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Bremen (disambiguasi). Bremen negara bagian di Jermannegara kota Freie Hansestadt Bremen (de) flag of Bremen coat of arms of Bremen Tempat <mapframe>: Judul Bremen.map .map bukan merupakan halaman data peta yang sah Negara berdaulatJerman NegaraJerman Ibu kotaBremen Pembagian administratifBremen Bremerhaven PendudukTotal661.000  (2014 )GeografiLuas wilayah419,38 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Dekat dengan perairanSungai Weser dan Laut Utara Titik te...

 

丹尼尔·奥尔特加

丹尼爾·奧蒂嘉José Daniel Ortega Saavedra尼加拉瓜總統现任就任日期2007年1月10日前任恩里克·博拉尼奥斯任期1985年1月10日—1990年4月25日前任自己（國家重建軍政府协调员）继任比奥莱塔·查莫罗國家重建軍政府协调员任期1979年7月18日—1985年1月10日前任安纳斯塔西奥·索摩查·德瓦伊莱继任改任總統 个人资料出生 (1945-11-11) 1945年11月11日（78歲） 尼加拉瓜瓊塔萊斯省[1]政...

 

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand

1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New ZealandDateMay–Sep 1966Coach(es) John RobinsTour captain(s) David Watkins Mike Campbell-LamertonTest series winners(v Australia) British Lions (2–0) (v New Zealand)  New Zealand (4–0)Top test point scorer(s) Stewart Wilson (30)← South Africa 1962 South Africa 1968 → 1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New ZealandSummaryP W D L Total35 23 03 09Test match07 03 00 04OpponentP W D L  Australia2 2 0 0 New Zealand4 ...

 

Sitaram Yechury

Sitaram YechurySitaram Yechury di Kollam, Kerala pada pemilu Majelis 2011 Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis India (Marxis)PetahanaMulai menjabat 19 April 2015PendahuluPrakash KaratPenggantiPetahanaAnggota Parlemen (Rajya Sabha)Masa jabatan19 Agustus 2005 – 18 Agustus 2017PenggantiShanta ChhetriDaerah pemilihanBengal BaratAnggota Politbiro Partai Komunis India (Marxis)PetahanaMulai menjabat 10 Januari 1992 Informasi pribadiLahir12 Agustus 1952 (umur 71)Madras, Negara B...

 

Georges Charachidzé

French-Georgian scholar (1930–2010) Georges Charachidzé Georges Charachidzé (Giorgi Sharashidze; Georgian: გიორგი შარაშიძე) (February 11, 1930 – February 20, 2010) was a French-Georgian scholar of the Caucasian cultures. His most important works focused on the history of Georgian feudalism, pagan religious beliefs of the Georgians as well as the Caucasian comparative mythology and the North Caucasian languages.[1][2] Family Georges Cha...

Robbery Under Arms (1957 film)

1957 British filmRobbery Under ArmsBritish theatrical posterDirected byJack LeeWritten byAlexander BaronW. P. LipscombBased onnovel by Rolf BoldrewoodProduced byJoseph JanniStarringPeter FinchRonald LewisCinematographyHarry WaxmanEdited byManuel del CampoMusic byMátyás SeiberProductioncompanyThe Rank OrganisationDistributed byRank Film Distributors of AmericaRelease date 3 October 1957 (1957-10-03) (London-Premiere) Running time83 minutes (USA)99 minutes (UK)CountryUnite...

 

Cataclysmic variable star

Stars with irregular large fluctuations in brightness A non-magnetic cataclysmic variable. A white dwarf accretes matter from its Roche lobe-filling companion. In astronomy, cataclysmic variable stars (CVs) are stars which irregularly increase in brightness by a large factor, then drop back down to a quiescent state. They were initially called novae (from Latin 'new'), since ones with an outburst brightness visible to the naked eye and an invisible quiescent brightness appeared as ne...

 

Helen Woodford Ruth

First wife of Babe Ruth Helen Woodford Ruth Helen Woodford Ruth (October 20, 1897 – January 11, 1929) was the first wife of American baseball player Babe Ruth and the adoptive mother of his daughter Dorothy. Ruth died in a house fire in 1929, the circumstances of which sparked controversy at the time and, to an extent, remains so today. Marriage to Babe Ruth Helen and Babe Ruth Woodford, a native of South Boston, was sixteen when she met her future husband. According to Ruth, then nineteen,...

Alan Wright

English footballer For other people named Alan Wright, see Alan Wright (disambiguation). Alan Wright Wright in 2000Personal informationFull name Alan Geoffrey WrightDate of birth (1971-09-28) 28 September 1971 (age 52)Place of birth Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, EnglandHeight 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m)Position(s) DefenderYouth career BlackpoolSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1988–1991 Blackpool 98 (0)1991–1995 Blackburn Rovers 74 (1)1995–2003 Aston Villa 260 (5)2003–200...

 

Skelly Oil

American oil company 1919-1977, brand revived 2012 Skelly Oil CompanyCompany typePublic CorporationIndustryOilPredecessorSkelly Sanky Oil CompanyFounded1919; revived 2012Defunct1977FateAcquired by Getty OilHeadquartersBoulder Towers, Tulsa, OklahomaKey people William Grove Skelly, founder Chesley Coleman Herndon, co-founder Frederick A. Pielsticker, co-founder ProductsMotor oils, lubricants, natural gas, motor fuelsNumber of employeesapprox. 5,000SubsidiariesHawkeye Chemical, Vancouver Plywoo...