Капитан народа

Резиденция капитана народа в Перудже

Капитан народа (итал. Capitano del popolo) — должностное лицо в коммунах средневековой Италии с середины XIII века до конца XV века. Капитан народа представлял интересы цехов и средних слоёв горожан, командовал городским войском (милицией)[1].

По мере роста коммунального движения и возрастания роли цехов и гильдий увеличивалась роль пополанов. После победы над феодалом и достижения городом независимости от него, в нём постепенно начиналась борьба между знатью (нобилями) и «народом» (представителями цехов и средних слоёв горожан). В конце XII века пополаны начали борьбу с нобилями, которая часто проявлялась в виде войны гвельфов и гибеллинов. Правителем коммуны в это время был подеста. В ходе этой борьбы возникли новые институты: Совет народа, капитан народа, приоры цехов.

Таким образом внутри коммуны возникает так называемая малая коммуна, в которую были включены пополаны, но не нобили. Малая коммуна имела свой герб, армию, законы, чиновников, судопроизводство, а капитан народа был её главой и первоначально руководил лишь милицией (ополчением) и должен был выполнять контроль за подестой, чтобы не допустить усиления нобилей.

Появление должности «капитан народа» привело к тому, что у подесты остались лишь административные, но не политические функции[2]. Постепенно с усилением роли цехов и купечества возрастает роль капитанов народа. В ряде городов они закрепляют власть за своим родом, основывая синьории[3].

Хронология

Примечания

  1. ↑ БСЭ, БРЭ
  2. ↑ Сказкин С. Д. Стр. 235—236.
  3. ↑ Сказкин С. Д. Стр. 296—301, БРЭ.

Литература

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