Правило сложения (комбинаторика)

Правило сложения (правило «или») — одно из основных правил комбинаторики, утверждающее, что, если элемент A можно выбрать n способами, а элемент B можно выбрать m способами, причём любой выбор элемента A отличен от любого выбора элемента B, то выбрать A или B можно n + m способами.

На языке теории множеств формулируются следующим образом. Если A и B — конечные множества, то:

Примеры

Пример 1

Выбрать книгу или диск из 10 книг и 12 дисков можно способами.

Пример 2

Пусть требуется найти количество слов, составленных не более, чем из трёх букв, взятых из следующего алфавита: {a, b, c, d}. Т.к. слово может состоять из одной буквы или из двух или из трёх букв, то соответствующие количества складываются. По правилу умножения количество n-буквенных слов равно . Тогда ответ на первоначальный вопрос будет .

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