Поворот Гивенса

Поворот Гивенса — в линейной алгебре линейный оператор поворота вектора на некоторый заданный угол.

Матрица Гивенса[1][2][3]

Матрица Гивенса имеет следующий вид:

Данная матрица отличается от единичной матрицы только подматрицей

расположенной на строках и столбцах с номерами и . Является ортогональной.

Если дан вектор , , то выбрав

можно обнулить -ую компоненту вектора :

С помощью поворотов Гивенса можно вычислять QR-разложение матриц и приводить эрмитовы матрицы к диагональной форме, а матрицы общего вида к трёхдиагональной, треугольной или хессенберговской форме.

Свойства

При повороте Гивенса для матрицы () в плоскости (p,q) сохраняется сумма квадратов внедиагональных элементов за исключением элементов

Это свойство используется в методе диагонализации Якоби.

Использование матриц Гивенса для трёхдиагонализации

Последовательно вращая () плоскости (2, 3), (2, 4), ... , (2, n) (при этом зануляя элементы ), затем последовательно вращая плоскости (3, 4), (3, 5), ... , (3, n) (при этом зануляя элементы ) и т.д. можно привести эрмитову (симметричную) матрицу к трёхдиагональной форме, а произвольную матрицу к хессенберговой форме.

Также того же самого можно добиться при помощи преобразований Хаусхолдера.

Использование матриц Гивенса для QR-разложения

Последовательно вращая () столбцы матрицы в плоскостях (1, 2), (1, 3), ... , (1, n) (при этом зануляя элементы ), затем в плоскостях (2, 3), (2, 4), ... , (2, n) (при этом зануляя элементы ) и т.д. можно привести матрицу к верхнетреугольному виду.

Также того же самого можно добиться при помощи преобразований Хаусхолдера или метода ортогонализации Грама-Шмидта.

Сложность QR-разложения хессенберговой матрицы (при этом снова будет хессенберговой), в то время как сложность QR-разложения произвольной матрицы .

Примечания

  1. Тыртышников Е. Е. Методы численного анализа. — М., 2006. — С. 73-74.
  2. Björck, Åke, 1934-. Numerical methods for least squares problems. — Philadelphia: SIAM, 1996. — С. 121-123. — xvii, 408 pages с. — ISBN 0-89871-360-9, 978-0-89871-360-2.
  3. Demmel, James W. Applied numerical linear algebra. — Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1997. — С. 53-56. — xi, 419 pages с. — ISBN 0-89871-389-7, 978-0-89871-389-3, 0-89871-361-7, 978-0-89871-361-9.

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