Răscoala Boxerilor

Răscoala Boxerilor
(义和团运动)
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De sus în jos: Tunuri rusești distrugând ziduri din Peking, trupe americane la Beijing.
Informații generale
Perioadăaugust 1899 – septembrie 1901
Locnordul Chinei
Rezultatvictoria Alianței celor opt națiuni
Beligeranți
Alianța celor opt națiuni:

Imperiul Britanic Imperiul Britanic
 Rusia
 Japonia
Franța
 Statele Unite
 Germania
Regatul Italiei (1861-1946) Regatul Italiei
 Austro-Ungaria

 Țările de Jos
 Belgia

 Spania		 Miliția Zihetua (Yihetuan)
China
Conducători
Legații
Imperiul Britanic Claude Maxwell MacDonald
Expediția Seymour
Imperiul Britanic Sir Edward Seymour
Expediția Gaselee
Imperiul Britanic Alfred Gaselee
Imperiul Rus Evgheni Alekseiev
Imperiul Rus Nikolai Linevici
Imperiul Japonez Fukushima Yasumasa
Statele Unite ale Americii Adna Chaffee
Statele Unite ale Americii Emerson H. Liscum†
Forțe de ocupație
Imperiul German Alfred Graf von Waldersee
Ocupația rusă a Manciuriei
Imperiul Rus Aleksey Kuropatkin		 Împărăteasa Dowager Cixi

Prințul Duan
Ronglu
Nie Shicheng†
Ma Yukun
Song Qing
Dong Fuxiang
Ma Anliang
Ma Fulu†
Ma Fuxiang
Ma Fuxing
Ma Haiyan
Yao Wang
Li Bingheng

Yuxian
Efective
~ 50,255 total
200.000 trupe rusești în Manciuria		 100,000-300,000 Boxeri
Dinastia Qing 100.000 trupe imperiale[1]
Pierderi
2 500 de soldați străini20 000 trupele imperiale[2]
număr necunoscut de Boxeri		32.000 creștini chinezi plus 200 de misionari uciși de boxeri (în nordul Chinei)[3]
100.000 civili uciși de boxeri în total[4]
5.000 civili uciși de soldați străini în total
Modifică date / text Consultați documentația formatului

Răscoala Boxerilor (în chineză: 義和團起義; pinyin: Yìhetuán Qiyi) sau Revolta Boxerilor ori Rebeliunea Boxerilor a fost o mișcare xenofobă și anticreștină violentă, petrecută în China la sfârșitul dinastiei Qing, între anii 1898 și 1900. A fost inițiată de Miliția Yìhétuán (Miliția Unită pentru Dreptate), cunoscută în occident sub denumirea de „Boxerii”,[5] și motivată de sentimente naționaliste și de rezistență împotriva imperialismului vestic și japonez și a creștinismului. Termenul de „boxer” se datorează faptului că membrii Miliției Yìhétuán practicau boxul și exercițiile calistenice, crezând că aceste practici îi vor face impenetrabili în fața gloanțelor. Marile puteri au intervenit și au înfrânt forțele chineze. Ostilitățile s-au încheiat cu un protocol semnat în 1901 prin care Chinei i se cerea să plătească daune unui număr de 11 state. Ulterior Marea Britanie și SUA au returnat o mare parte din reparațiile pe care le primiseră.

Biserica Ortodoxă Chineză a avut de suferit în timpul răscoalei, pierzându-și aproape toți membrii. De asemenea, în răscoala boxerilor au fost uciși peste 700 de creștini protestanți (Martirii chinezi din 1900⁠(en)[traduceți]). Biserica Catolică îl comemorează în ziua de 9 iulie pe episcopul Gregorio Grassi⁠(en)[traduceți] împreună cu ceilalți sfinți martiri din China.

Note

  1. ^ Xiang 2003, p. 248.
  2. ^ Singer, Joel David, The Wages of War. 1816–1965 (1972)
  3. ^ Hammond Atlas of the 20th century (1996)
  4. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J.: China's Bloody Century : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (1991)
  5. ^ en Boxer Rebellion - Encyclopedia Britannica, accesat la 29 octombrie 2014

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