Hispanoamericanii și latinoamericanii din Statele Unite ale Americii

Hispanoamericani și latinoamericani din SUA
Populație totală
52.045.277 locuitori
Regiuni cu populație semnificativă
Statele Unite ale Americii Statele Unite ale Americii52.045.277 loc.[1]
Limbi vorbite
Spaniolă, Engleză, Portugheză, Limbi amerindiene
Religii
Creștinism(Catolicism, Protestantism)
Grupuri înrudite sau legate cultural
spanioli, portughezi, latinoamericani
Modifică date / text Consultați documentația formatului

Hispanoamericanii și latinoamericanii din Statele Unite ale Americii (eng.: Hispanic and Latino Americans, spa. Hispanos y latinoamericanos) sunt o minoritate etnică din Statele Unite ale cărei persoane provin din America Latină sau Spania,[2][3][4] respectiv acele persoane care sunt vorbitoare de limba spaniolă sau portugheză.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

În urma recensământului din 2011, 52.045.277 persoane, respectiv 16, 7% din cetățenii Statelor Unite s-au declarat hispanici sau latinoamericani.[12] Hispanicii și latinoamericanii din SUA reprezintă grupul etnic cel mai prolific, 26% dintre nou-născuții americani aparținând acestui grup etnico-lingvistic.[13]

De fapt, factorul de legătură al acestui grup etnico-lingvistic îl constituie limba pentru că, din punct de vedere genetic, membrii săi pot aparține atât rasei albe (spanioli, portughezi), rasei negre (urmașii sclavilor africani din țările latinoamericane) cât și rasei galbene (populațiile amerindiene: maya, quechua, aymara, etc) sau încrucișării dintre acestea.

Demografie

Procentajul hispanicilor și latino rezidenți după regiune.

Populația după originea națională (2010)
(etnie auto-identificată, nu după locul nașterii)[14]
Grup hispanic Populație % din Hispanici
Mexic Mexicani 31,798,258 63.0
Puerto Rico Puerto Ricani 4,623,716 9.2
Cuba Cubanezi 1,785,547 3.5
El Salvador Salvadorieni 1,648,968 3.3
Republica Dominicană Dominicani 1,414,703 2.8
Guatemala Guatemalezi 1,044,209 2.1
Columbia Columbieni 908,734 1.8
Spania Spanioli 635,253 1.3
Honduras Hondurieni 633,401 1.3
Ecuador Ecuadorieni 564,631 1.1
Peru Peruani 531,358 1.1
Nicaragua Nicaraguani 348,202 0.7
Argentina Argentinieni 224,952 0.4
Venezuela Venezuelani 215,023 0.4
Panama Panamanezi 165,456 0.3
Chile Chilieni 126,810 0.3
Costa Rica Costa Ricani 126,418 0.3
Bolivia Bolivieni 99,210 0.2
Uruguay Uruguayeni 56,884 0.1
Paraguay Paraguayeni 20,023 -
Alții 3,505,838 6.9
Total 50,477,594 100
Zone metropolitane ale SUA cu peste 1 milion de hispanici (2011)[15]
Poziție Zonă metropolitană Hispanici Procent de hispanici din total
1 Los Angeles, California 5,804,000 45%
2 New York, New York 4,317,000 24%
3 Houston, Texas 2,105,000 37%
4 Riverside, California 2,062,000 48%
5 Chicago, Illinois 1,971,000 22%
6 Dallas, Texas 1,809,000 28%
7 Miami, Florida 1,627,000 65%
8 Phoenix, Arizona 1,163,000 30%
9 San Francisco, California 1,114,000 23%
10 San Antonio, Texas 1,112,000 56%
11 San Diego, California 1,021,000 33%
Statele cu cele mai numeroși hispanici (2012)[16]
Poziție Stat Procent de hispanici
1 New Mexico 47%
2 California 38%
3 Texas 38%
4 Arizona 30%
5 Nevada 27%
6 Florida 23%
7 Colorado 21%
8 New Jersey 19%
9 New York 18%
10 Illinois 16%

Vezi și

Referințe

  1. ^ „CIA World Factbook”. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  2. ^ Luis Fraga; John A. Garcia (). Latino Lives in America: Making It Home. Temple University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4399-0050-5. 
  3. ^ Nancy L. Fisher (). Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: A Guide for Genetics Professionals. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-5346-3. 
  4. ^ Robert H. Holden; Rina Villars (). Contemporary Latin America: 1970 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-118-27487-3. 
  5. ^ U.S. Department of Transportation „49 CFR Part 26” Verificați valoarea |url= (ajutor). Accesat în . 'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race; 
  6. ^ „US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure” (PDF). Arhivat din original (PDF) la . Accesat în . SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or the Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal. 
  7. ^ Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. „Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Accesat în . "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin regardless of race. 
  8. ^ „American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin”. United States Census Bureau. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . For Census 2000, American Community Survey: People who identify with the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 or ACS questionnaire - "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban" - as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino." Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any "race".
    1990 Census of Population and Housing: A self-designated classification for people whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, the Caribbean, or those identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, etc. Origin can be viewed as ancestry, nationality, or country of birth of the person or person's parents or ancestors prior to their arrival in the United States.     
  9. ^ Office of Management and Budget. „Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice 30 octombrie 1997”. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  10. ^ Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Rachel C. Cassidy. „Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000” (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Accesat în . 
  11. ^ „B03001. Hispanic or Latino origin by specific origin”. 2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 
  12. ^ Office, US Census Bureau Public Information, Most Children Younger Than Age 1 are Minorities, Census Bureau Reports - Population - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau (în engleză), www.census.gov 
  13. ^ Slate.fr (), Les bébés non blancs pour la première fois majoritaires aux Etats-Unis (în franceză), Slate.fr 
  14. ^ United States Census Bureau: "The Hispanic Population 2010 Census Brief: Table 1. "Hispanic or Latino Origin Population by Type: 2000 and 2010" May 2011
  15. ^ NW, 1615 L. St; Suite 800Washington; Inquiries, DC 20036USA202-419-4300 (), Hispanic Population and Origin in Select U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2014 (în engleză), Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project  Text " Main202-857-8562 " ignorat (ajutor); Text " Fax202-419-4372 " ignorat (ajutor); Text " Media" ignorat (ajutor)
  16. ^ http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t6/index.html

Bibliografie

Studii și istoriografie

  • Bean, Frank D., and Marta Tienda. The Hispanic Population of the United States (1987), statistical analysis of demography and social structure
  • Miguel A. De La Torre. Encyclopedia on Hispanic American Religious Culture (2 vol. ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2009).
  • De Leon, Arnoldo, and Richard Griswold Del Castillo. North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (2006)
  • Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography," Reviews in American History 34.4 (2006) 521-528 in Project Muse
  • Gomez-Quiñones, Juan. Mexican American Labor, 1790-1990. (1994).
  • Gutiérrez, David G. ed. The Columbia History of Latinos in the United States Since 1960 (2004) 512pp excerpt and text search
  • Gutiérrez, David G. "Migration, Emergent Ethnicity, and the 'Third Space'": The Shifting Politics of Nationalism in Greater Mexico" Journal of American History 1999 86(2): 481-517. in JSTOR covers 1800 to the 1980s
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  • Oboler, Suzanne, and Deena J. González, eds. The Oxford Encyclopedia Of Latinos & Latinas In The United States (4 vol. 2006) excerpt and text search
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  • Ruiz, Vicki L. “Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History,” Journal of American History, 93 (2006), 655–72. in JSTOR
  • Ruiz, Vicki L. From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (1998)

Pre 1965

  • Bogardus, Emory S. The Mexican in the United States (1934), sociological
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  • Sanchez, George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (1995) excerpt and text search

Cultură și politică, post 1965

  • Abrajano, Marisa A., and R. Michael Alvarez, eds. New Faces, New Voices: The Hispanic Electorate in America (Princeton University Press; 2010) 219 pages. Documents the generational and other diversity of the Hispanic electorate and challenges myths about voter behavior.
  • Aranda, José, Jr. When We Arrive: A New Literary History of Mexican America. U. of Arizona Press, 2003. 256 pp.
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  • Cepeda, Raquel. Bird of Paradise: How I Became Latina Atria Books. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4516-3586-7. A personal exploration of Dominican American identity via family interviews, travel and genetic genealogy. Synopsis and Excerpt Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.
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  • García, María Cristina. Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, The United States, and Canada. (2006) 290pp
  • Gomez-Quinones, Juan. Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990 (1990)
  • Gutiérrez, David G. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity in the Southwest, 1910-1986 1995. excerpt and text search
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  • López-Calvo, Ignacio. Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction: The Cultural Production of Social Anxiety. University of Arizona Press, 2011. ISBN 0-8165-2926-4
  • Martinez, Juan Francisco. Sea La Luz: The Making of Mexican Protestantism in the American Southwest, 1829-1900 (2006)
  • Matovina, Timothy. Guadalupe and Her Faithful: Latino Catholics in San Antonio, from Colonial Origins to the Present. 2005. 232 pp. excerpt and text search
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Regionale și locale

California

  • Hubert Howe Bancroft. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft,
  • Bedolla, Lisa García. Fluid Borders: Latino Power, Identity, and Politics in Los Angeles. 2005. 279 pp.
  • Burt, Kenneth C. The Search for a Civic Voice: California Latino Politics (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Camarillo, Albert. Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848–1930 (1979)
  • Camarillo, Albert M., “Cities of Color: The New Racial Frontier in California’s Minority-Majority Cities,” Pacific Historical Review, 76 (Feb. 2007), 1–28; looks at cities of Compton, East Palo Alto, and Seaside
  • Daniel, Cletus E. Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870-1941 1981.
  • García, Matt. A World of Its Own: Race, Labor, and Citrus in the Making of Greater Los Angeles, 1900-1970 (2001),
  • Hayes-Bautista, David E. La Nueva California: Latinos in the Golden State. U. of California Press, 2004. 263 pp. excerpt and text search
  • Hughes, Charles. "The Decline of the Californios: The Case of San Diego, 1846-1856" The Journal of San Diego History Summer 1975, Volume 21, Number 3 online at [1]
  • McWilliams, Carey. North from Mexico. (1949), farm workers in California
  • Pitt, Leonard. The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish speaking Californians, 1846-1890 (ISBN 0-520-01637-8)
  • Sánchez; George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (1993) excerpt and text search
  • Valle, Victor M. and Torres, Rodolfo D. Latino Metropolis. 2000. 249 pp. on Los Angeles

Texas și Sud-vest

  • Alonzo, Armando C. Tejano Legacy: Rancheros and Settlers in South Texas, 1734-1900 (1998)
  • Hubert Howe Bancroft. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft,
  • Blackwelder, Julia Kirk. Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio 1984. excerpt and text search
  • Buitron Jr., Richard A. The Quest for Tejano Identity in San Antonio, Texas, 1913-2000 (2004) excerpt and text search
  • Chávez, John R. The Lost Land: The Chicano Image of the Southwest (Albuquerque, 1984)
  • Chávez-García, Miroslava. Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s (2004).
  • De León, Arnoldo. They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821–1900 (Austin, 1983)
  • De León, Arnoldo. Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History, 2nd ed. (1999)
  • Deutsch, Sarah No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on the Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 1987
  • Dysart, Jane. "Mexican Women in San Antonio, 1830-1860: The Assimilation Process" Western Historical Quarterly 7 (October 1976): 365-375. in JSTOR
  • Echeverría, Darius V., “Aztlán Arizona: Abuses, Awareness, Animosity, and Activism amid Mexican-Americans, 1968–1978” PhD dissertation (Temple University, 2006). Order No. DA3211867.
  • Fregoso; Rosa Linda. Mexicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands (2003)
  • Garcia, Ignacio M. Viva Kennedy: Mexican Americans in Search of Camelot, Texas A&M University Press, 2000. 227pp and online search from Amazon.com.
  • García, Richard A. Rise of the Mexican American Middle Class: San Antonio, 1929-1941 1991
  • Getz; Lynne Marie. Schools of Their Own: The Education of Hispanos in New Mexico, 1850-1940 (1997)
  • Gómez-Quiñones, Juan. Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600-1940 (1994)
  • Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda, David R. Maciel, editors, The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico, 314 pages (2000), ISBN 0-8263-2199-2
  • González; Nancie L. The Spanish-Americans of New Mexico: A Heritage of Pride (1969)
  • Guglielmo, Thomas A. "Fighting for Caucasian Rights: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and the Transnational Struggle for Civil Rights in World War II Texas," Journal of American History, 92 (March 2006) in History Cooperative Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.
  • Gutiérrez; Ramón A. When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846 (1991)
  • Márquez, Benjamin. LULAC: The Evolution of a Mexican American Political Organization (1993)
  • Matovina, Timothy M. Tejano Religion and Ethnicity, San Antonio, 1821-1860 (1995)
  • Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (1987)
  • Muñoz, Laura K., “Desert Dreams: Mexican American Education in Arizona, 1870–1930” (PhD dissertation Arizona State University, 2006). Order No. DA3210182.
  • Quintanilla, Linda J., “Chicana Activists of Austin and Houston, Texas: A Historical Analysis” (University of Houston, 2005). Order No. DA3195964.
  • Sánchez; George I. Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (1940; reprint 1996) on New Mexico
  • Taylor, Paul S. Mexican Labor in the United States. 2 vols. 1930-1932, on Texas
  • Stewart, Kenneth L., and Arnoldo De León. Not Room Enough: Mexicans, Anglos, and Socioeconomic Change in Texas, 1850-1900 (1993)
  • de la Teja, Jesús F. San Antonio de Béxar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier (1995).
  • Tijerina, Andrés. Tejanos and Texas under the Mexican Flag, 1821-1836 (1994),
  • Tijerina, Andrés. Tejano Empire: Life on the South Texas Ranchos (1998).
  • Timmons, W. H. El Paso: A Borderlands History (1990).
  • Trevino, Roberto R. The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston. (2006). 308pp.
  • Weber, David J. The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (1982)
    • Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography," Reviews in American History 34.4 (2006) 521-528 in Project Muse

Alte regiuni

  • Bullock, Charles S., III and Hood, M. V., III. "A Mile-wide Gap: the Evolution of Hispanic Political Emergence in the Deep South." Social Science Quarterly 2006 87(special Issue): 1117-1135. Issn: 0038-4941 Fulltext: in Blackwell Synergy
  • García, María Cristina. Havana, USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994 (1996); excerpt and text search Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.
  • Korrol, Virginia Sánchez. From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917–1948 (1994)
  • Millard, Ann V. and Chapa, Jorge. Apple Pie and Enchiladas: Latino Newcomers in the Rural Midwest. 2004. 276 pp. excerpt and text search
  • Murphy, Arthur D., Colleen Blanchard, and Jennifer A. Hill, eds. Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. 2001. 224 pp.
  • Padilla, Felix M. Puerto Rican Chicago. (1987). 277 pp.
  • Sãnchez Korrol, Virginia E. From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City. (1994) complete text online free in California; excerpt and text search
  • Vargas, Zaragosa. Proletarians of the North: A History of Mexican Industrial Workers in Detroit and the Midwest, 1917-1933 (1993) complete text online free in California; excerpt and text search
  • Whalen, Carmen Teresa, and Victor Vásquez-Hernández, eds. The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives (2005)

Surse primare

  • Richard Ellis, ed. New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader. 1971.
  • David J. Weber; Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans (1973), primary sources to 1912

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هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. معبد إيزيس في كونترا لاتوبوليس كونترا لاتوبوليس (يسمى في وقت ما الحلة[1]) وهو معبد مصري.[2] بناء معبد في عهد كليوباترا[3]، بُني معبد[4] مقابل لاتوبولس أو اسنا[5 ...

 

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Antenna TV

American television network This article is about the American television network. For television reception via antenna, see terrestrial television. For the Greek television network, see ANT1. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of...

Yes, Yes, Love in Tyrol

1955 film Yes, Yes, Love in TyrolTheatrical film posterGermanJa, ja die Liebe in Tirol Directed byGéza von BolváryWritten byGustav KampendonkBased onKohlhiesel's Daughtersby Hanns KrälyProduced byKurt UlrichStarringGerhard RiedmannHans MoserDoris KirchnerCinematographyKurt SchulzEdited byIngrid WackerMusic byWerner MüllerProductioncompanyBerolina FilmDistributed byConstantin FilmRelease date 15 December 1955 (1955-12-15) Running time100 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGer...

 

Lotta per le investiture

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Orang Karen

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