Diagramă Euler

O diagramă Euler este un mijloc schematic de reprezentare a unor mulțimi și a relațiilor dintre acestea. Ele sunt deosebit de utile pentru explicarea ierarhiilor complexe și a definițiilor care se suprapun. Sunt similare cu diagramele Venn (care se mai numesc Euler-Venn).

Diagrama Euler este folosită în matematică, logică, management și alte domenii aplicate.

Diagramele Euler se mai numesc cercuri Euler. „Cercuri” este un termen convențional; în loc de cercuri, pot exista alte forme.

Pentru a rezolva o serie de probleme, Leonard Euler a folosit ideea de a descrie mulțimi folosind cercuri. Cu toate acestea, această metodă a fost folosită de remarcabilul filosof și matematician german Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz înaintea lui Euler. Leibniz le-a folosit pentru a interpreta geometric conexiunile logice dintre concepte, dar a preferat totuși să utilizeze scheme liniare.

Note

Sir William Hamilton 1860 Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic edited by Henry Longueville Mansel and John Veitch, William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London.
W. Stanley Jevons 1880 Elementary Lessons in Logic: Deductive and Inductive. With Copious Questions and Examples, and a Vocabulary of Logical Terms, M. A. MacMillan and Co., London and New York.
Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell 1913 1st edition, 1927 2nd edition Principia Mathematica to *56 Cambridge At The University Press (1962 edition), UK, no ISBN.
Louis Couturat 1914 The Algebra of Logic: Authorized English Translation by Lydia Gillingham Robinson with a Preface by Philip E. B. Jourdain, The Open Court Publishing Company, Chicago and London.
Emil Post 1921 "Introduction to a general theory of elementary propositions" reprinted with commentary by Jean van Heijenoort in Jean van Heijenoort, editor 1967 From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book of Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, ISBN: 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.)
Claude E. Shannon 1938 "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", Transactions American Institute of Electrical Engineers vol 57, pp. 471–495. Derived from Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected Papers edited by N.J.A. Solane and Aaron D. Wyner, IEEE Press, New York.
Hans Reichenbach 1947 Elements of Symbolic Logic republished 1980 by Dover Publications, Inc., NY, ISBN: 0-486-24004-5.
Veitch, Edward Westbrook (3 mai 1952) [1952-05-02]. „A Chart Method for Simplifying Truth Functions”. Transactions of the 1952 ACM Annual Meeting. ACM Annual Conference/Annual Meeting: Proceedings of the 1952 ACM Annual Meeting (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 127–133. doi:10.1145/609784.609801.
Karnaugh, Maurice (noiembrie 1953) [1953-04-23, 1953-03-17]. „The Map Method for Synthesis of Combinational Logic Circuits” (PDF). Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics. 72 (5): 593–599. doi:10.1109/TCE.1953.6371932. Paper 53-217. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 16 aprilie 2017. Accesat în 16 aprilie 2017.
Frederich J. Hill and Gerald R. Peterson 1968, 1974 Introduction to Switching Theory and Logical Design, John Wiley & Sons, NY, ISBN: 978-0-471-39882-0.
Sandifer, Ed (ianuarie 2004). „How Euler Did It” (PDF). maa.org. Arhivat din original (PDF) la 26 ianuarie 2013.

Read other articles:

Украинская революция

Эта статья — об исторической концепции. О событиях исторического периода 1917—1921 гг. см. Революция и Гражданская война на Украине. История УкраиныДоисторический период Трипольская культура Ямная культура Киммерийцы Скифы Сарматы Зарубинецкая культура �...

ستيف مارليت

ستيف مارليت (بالفرنسية: Steve Marlet)‏ معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل ستيف مارليت الميلاد 10 يناير 1974 (العمر 50 سنة)[1]كايين الطول 1.80 م (5 قدم 11 بوصة) مركز اللعب المهاجم الجنسية فرنسا المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق مشاركات (أهداف) 1991–1996 النجم الأحمر 137 (42) 1996–2000 أوك�...

Sogō Masayasu

Japanese samurai Sogō Masayasu十河存保Lord of Shōzui CastleIn office1562–1587Preceded byMiyoshi Yoshikata Personal detailsBorn1554Shōzui CastleDied20 January 1587(1587-01-20) (aged 32–33)Battle of Hetsugigawa, Bungo ProvinceRelationsMiyoshi Yoshikata (father)Sogō Kazumasa (adoptive father)SignatureMilitary serviceAllegiance Miyoshi clan Toyotomi clanRankDaimyoUnitSogō clanCommandsShōzui CastleBattles/wars Battle of Nakatomigawa (1582) Invasion of Shikoku (1585) Battle of H...

Frederikssund

Place in Capital, DenmarkFrederikssundTown hall Coat of armsFrederikssundLocation in DenmarkShow map of DenmarkFrederikssundFrederikssund (Capital Region)Show map of Capital RegionCoordinates: 55°50′00″N 12°04′00″E / 55.83330°N 12.06659°E / 55.83330; 12.06659CountryDenmarkRegionCapital (Hovedstaden)MunicipalityFrederikssundGovernment • MayorJohn Schmidt AndersenArea • Urban8.2 km2 (3.2 sq mi)Population (2023)[...

Stenocorus

Stenocorus Stenocorus meridianus Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Subfamili: Lepturinae Tribus: Rhagiini Genus: Stenocorus Stenocorus adalah genus kumbang tanduk panjang yang berasal dari famili Cerambycidae. Genus ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang dalam genus ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada bat...

Danielson (crater)

Crater on Mars Crater on MarsDanielson.MOLA map showing Danielson Crater and other nearby craters. Colors indicate elevations. Danielson is on the top and mid-rightPlanetMarsRegionOxia Palus quadrangleCoordinates7°56′N 7°07′W / 7.93°N 7.11°W / 7.93; -7.11QuadrangleOxia PalusDiameter66.7 kmEponymG. Edward Danielson Danielson is an impact crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle on Mars at 7.93° N and 7.11° W. and is 66.7 km in diameter, and is north of the Mer...

Philip Cowley

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Philip Cowley – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Philip Cowley (pictured) chair...

Robots (2005 film)

Not to be confused with Robots (2023 film). 2005 American filmRobotsTheatrical release posterDirected byChris WedgeScreenplay by David Lindsay-Abaire Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Story by Ron Mita Jim McClain David Lindsay-Abaire Produced by Jerry Davis John C. Donkin William Joyce Starring Ewan McGregor Halle Berry Greg Kinnear Mel Brooks Amanda Bynes Drew Carey Robin Williams Edited byJohn CarnochanMusic byJohn PowellProductioncompanies Blue Sky Studios 20th Century Fox Animation Distributed ...

Elakshiben Thakore

Indian dancer Elakshiben ThakoreElakshiben Thakore at an eventBorn (1936-04-21) 21 April 1936 (age 88)Pune, IndiaNationalityIndianEducationM.Mus, Specialization in Bharatnatyam, with Theory on Dances of the WorldOccupationsFounder and Director, Nrityabharti Academy of DanceDancerchoreographerYears active1960–presentKnown forBharatnatyam and ChoreographyWebsiteWebpage Kalaguru Smt. Elakshiben Thakore is one of the leading Bharatnatyam dancers in India. Trained from a very youn...

Toby Howarth

Bishop Toby Howarth in 2020 Toby Matthew Howarth (born 12 July 1962)[1] is a Church of England bishop. He is the current and first area[2] of Bishop of Bradford in the Diocese of Leeds.[3] Howarth was educated at Yale University and Wycliffe Hall, Oxford; and ordained in 1990. He was made deacon at Michaelmas 1992 (27 September), at Derby Cathedral, by Peter Dawes, Bishop of Derby.[4] He studied at Birmingham University for his MA.[5] His first po...

سات

اخبار سات أو «اختبار سات» (بالإنجليزية: Scholastic Aptitude Test ) هو اختبار للالتحاق بالجامعات الأمريكية، وهو أحد الاختبارات التي يستخدمها الجيش لاختبار قدرات الفرد العقلية، واقتُرح من أجل القبول في الجامعات لأول مرة سنة 1926، لكن تأجل تطبيقه حتى 1933 في جامعة هارفرد بعد قيام رئيسها بإس...

Eternally Yours (film)

Eternally YoursPoster filmSutradaraTay GarnettCharles Kerr (asisten)ProduserTay GarnettWalter Wanger (produser eksekutif yang tak disebutkan)Ditulis olehC. Graham BakerGene TownePemeranLoretta YoungDavid NivenPenata musikWerner JanssenSinematograferMerritt B. GerstadPerusahaanproduksiWalter Wanger ProductionsDistributorUnited ArtistsTanggal rilis 07 Oktober 1939 (1939-10-07) (Amerika Serikat) Durasi95 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaInggrisAnggaran$790.878[1]Pendapatank...

Terowongan Gibraltar

Artikel ini membahas mengenai bangunan, struktur, infrastruktur, atau kawasan terencana yang sedang dibangun atau akan segera selesai. Informasi di halaman ini bisa berubah setiap saat (tidak jarang perubahan yang besar) seiring dengan penyelesaiannya. Terowongan Gibraltar digambarkan sebagai terowongan rel yang akan menghubungkan Afrika dan Eropa. Ide hubungan melalui jembatan atau terowongan melintasi Selat Gibraltar telah ada sejak 1980-an.[1][2] Selat Gibraltar Spanyol dan...

Jikki

Indian singer P. G. KrishnaveniJikki in late 1940sBackground informationBirth nameP. G. KrishnaveniAlso known asJikkiBorn(1935-11-03)3 November 1935ChennaiOriginChandragiri, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Andhra Pradesh)Died16 August 2004(2004-08-16) (aged 68)Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaGenresFilm music (playback singing), Indian classical musicOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)VocalistYears active1948–2004Musical artist Pillavalu Gajapathy Krishnaveni (3 November 1935 – 16 Aug...

Ilham Aliyev

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Ilham Aliyev – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Ilham Aliyev (2023) Nama dalam bahasa asli(az) İlham Əliyev BiografiKelahiran24 Desember 1961 (62 tahun)Baku 4 Presiden Azerbaijan 31 Ok...

From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter

1999 horror film From Dusk Till Dawn 3:The Hangman's DaughterPoster for From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's DaughterDirected byP. J. PesceScreenplay byÁlvaro RodríguezStory by Álvaro Rodríguez Robert Rodríguez Produced by Michael S. Murphey Gianni Nunnari Meir Teper Starring Marco Leonardi Michael Parks Rebecca Gayheart Lennie Loftin Ara Celi Jordana Spiro Orlando Jones Danny Trejo Temuera Morrison Sônia Braga CinematographyMichael BonvillainEdited byLawrence A. MaddoxMusic byNathan Ba...

ابن خلكان

الإمام ابن خلكان معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة أحمد بن محمد بن إبراهیم بن أبي بکر بن خلکان الشافعي الميلاد 22 سبتمبر 1211 أربيل الوفاة 30 أكتوبر 1282 (71 سنة) دمشق الديانة مسلم سني الحياة العملية المهنة مُحَدِّث، وكاتب، وقاضي شرعي، ومؤرخ، وأديب، ومدر...

FIFAe World Cup

Esports tournament FIFAe World CupTournament informationGameFIFAEstablished2004Number oftournaments17AdministratorFIFAFormatOnlineWebsitewww.fifa.com/fifaeworldcup/Current champion Manuel Bachoore (ManuBachoore)Most recent tournament2023 FIFAe World Cup The FIFAe World Cup, formerly the FIFA Interactive World Cup (FIWC) and the FIFA eWorld Cup, is an esports tournament held by FIFA and formerly by its presenting partner EA Sports.[1] Each tournament has players competing in games of t...

1994 en Inde

Inauguration du temple Devipuram (en) près de Visakhapatnam. Chronologie de l'Inde ◄◄ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 ►► Chronologies Données clés 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997Décennies :1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020Siècles :XVIIIe XIXe XXe XXIe XXIIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier IIe IIIe Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Angola, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi,...

Upper Anaicut

Dam in Tamil Nadu, India DamUpper AnaicutThe Upper Anaicut on the Kaveri between the southern bank and Srirangam. Photographed from the southern bank.Location of Upper Anaicut in Tamil NaduShow map of Tamil NaduUpper Anaicut (India)Show map of IndiaOfficial nameUpper Anicut[1]Coordinates10°53′08″N 78°34′37″E / 10.885666°N 78.5770653°E / 10.885666; 78.5770653Construction began1836Opening date1838Dam and spillwaysImpoundsKaveri River[1&#...

Blake Shelton

Kajang, Sawahan, Madiun

Canal Topas

Zydrunas Ilgauskas

Mountain pass

Daftar Perdana Menteri Serbia

العلاقات العربية الإيرانية

Marlborough, New Hampshire

Baek Seung-hyeon

Tin Yiu Estate

Gare des Clairières de Verneuil

Saltia, South Australia