Cauciuc sintetic

Un cauciuc sintetic este un produs elastomer de origine artificială. Cauciucurile sintetice sunt polimeri sintetizați chimic din subproduse petroliere. Prezintă o gamă largă de proprietăți fizice și chimice care pot îmbunătăți fiabilitatea unui anumit produs sau a unei anumite aplicații. Cauciucurile sintetice sunt superioare cauciucurilor naturale în două aspecte majore: stabilitatea termică și rezistența la uleiuri și compuși analogi.^[1] Sunt mai rezistente la agenții oxidanți, cum ar fi oxigenul și ozonul, care pot reduce durata de viață a produselor, cum ar fi anvelopele.

Tipuri

Cel mai frecvent utilizat cauciuc sintetic este cauciucul butadien-stirenic (Buna S), obținut prin copolimerizarea stirenului cu 1,3-butadiena. Alte exemple includ:

poliizopren, obținut prin polimerizarea izoprenului
neopren (policloropren), obținut prin polimerizarea 2-clorobutadienei
butadien-acrilonitril (Buna N), obținut prin polimerizarea cianobutadienă sau 2-propennitril și butadienă

Multe variante ale acestora pot fi preparate cu amestecuri de monomeri și cu diferiți catalizatori care permit controlul stereochimiei (este importantă izomeria cis-trans).^[2]

Polimerii și copolimerii butadienei au fost produși sub numele Buna (întreaga producție), Ameripol sau Hycar^⁠(en)^[traduceți], Chemigum, S.K.A. și S.K.B. și divinilice rusești, și Ker).^[3]

Butadien-stiren
Neopren
Butadien-acrilonitril

Note

^ Threadingham, Desmond; Obrecht, Werner; Wieder, Wolfgang (2005), Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_239.pub5
^ Greve, Heinz-Hermann; Threadingham, Desmond (2005), „Rubber, 1. Survey”, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_221
^ W. C. Holliman, „Synthetic rubber its production from petroleum, coal, and other materials”, în „Information Circular, 7240-7249”, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., 1943, p. 5

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