Élitro

Coleóptero iniciando o voo:
as asas internas se desdobram, enquanto os élitros se erguem.

Os élitros (do grego élytron - estojo, envoltório) são as asas anteriores, modificadas por endurecimento, de certas ordens de insetos (Coleoptera).

Os coleópteros (besouros) tem-na como conspícuo, a ponto de serem também chamados de elitrópteros - literalmente: que tem asas em forma de estojo.

Funções

Os élitros servem como proteção para as asas posteriores que estão logo abaixo,[1] e que são aquelas usadas para executar o voo, quando exercem a função de auxiliar o voo, dando equilíbrio.

Têm também uma função de carapaça protetora para as partes moles do abdome. As suas cores também podem ter função de defesa ou alerta aos predadores, como na joaninha, ou de mimetismo quando adaptadas ao meio em que habitam.

Formatos e semelhanças

Besouro em posição de voo.

Para ser chamado de élitro o par de asas anteriores modificadas deve ser completamente enrijecida, córneo, não membranosa nem transparente.[2] Nalguns casos os élitros estão fundidos, deixando o inseto sem capacidade de voar.

Os élitros variam em tamanho e textura. Existem coleópteros que possuem os élitros pequenos, como nos Brachiptera, que são braquiélitros (têm élitros curtos)[2] e o número de segmentos expostos serve para identificar grupos distintos. Outras espécies deixam apenas o pigídio exposto.[1]

Outras espécies de insetos também possuem asas anteriores modificadas, algumas de modo semelhante aos élitros - recebendo então outras denominações, como no caso dos Hemiptera (que incluem os percevejos, o barbeiro, a cigarra). Ali as asas anteriores são modificadas (parte basal espessa e apical membranosa), recebendo o nome de hemiélitro.

Nos Blattaria e Mantodea (baratas e louva-a-deus) as asas anteriores são finas e se alongam além do corpo, recebendo a denominação de tégmina, com aspeto coriáceo ou pergaminhoso (como o couro ou pergaminho). O mesmo se dá nos Orthoptera (grilos e gafanhotos).

Referências

  1. ↑ a b Henrique José Porto Serra (19 de fevereiro de 2003). «Ordem Coleoptera». UFMT. Consultado em 8 de julho de 2008. Arquivado do original em 22 de novembro de 2009. página de download obrigatório 
  2. ↑ a b Roberto Eizemberg. «Glossário Entomológico Brasileiro». UFRJ. Consultado em 29 de abril de 2023. Cópia arquivada em 3 de abril de 2023 
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