Âmbar do Báltico

Diferentes cores de âmbar do Báltico.
Típica areia de praia na Mar do Báltico onde muitas vezes âmbar é recolhido.
Procura de âmbar na costa, em Mikoszewo, próximo de Gdańsk, Polónia.

A região do Báltico é o local do maior depósito conhecido de âmbar, chamado de âmbar do Báltico ou succinite. Data de há 44 milhões de anos, no Eoceno.[1] Estima-se que estas floresta produziram mais de 105 toneladas de âmbar.[2]

O termo âmbar do Báltico é genérico, pelo que o âmbar das minas de carvão mineral de Bitterfeld, na Saxónia, Alemanha de Leste, também é assim denominado. O âmbar de Bitterfeld anteriormente acreditava-se ter apenas 20 a 22 milhões de anos (Mioceno), mas comparação entre as inclusões de animais revelaram que é provavelmente âmbar do Báltico genuíno redepositado mais tarde.[3] Outras fontes de âmbar do Báltico têm sido listadas como vindo da Polónia e da Rússia.

Visto que o âmbar do Báltico possui cerca de 8% de ácido succínico, tem também o nome de succinite.

Acreditava-se desde a década de 1850 que a resina que se tornava âmbar era produzido pela árvore da espécie Pinites succinifer, mas pesquisas na década de 1980 chegaram à conclusão que a resina tem origem em várias espécies. Mais recentemente foi proposto, com base em evidências obtidas por espectroscopia de infravermelho em âmbar e resina de árvores vivas, que as coníferas da família Sciadopityaceae eram as responsáveis.[2] O único representante extante desta família é a família Sciadopitys verticillata.

Numerosas espécies e géneros de plantas e animais foram descobertas e descritas cientificamente a partir de âmbar do Báltico.[4] O âmbar do Báltico inclui a mais rica fauna fóssil de maracujá (em espécies) descoberta até à data.

Cores e Polimentos

As principais cores do âmbar do Báltico são: Arco-íris, Cereja, Limão, Mel Claro e Mel Escuro, Milk, Misto, Verde Claro e Verde Escuro. Esteticamente, o âmbar polido é brilhante e o não polido possui uma aparência fosca. [5]

Paleobiologia

Numerosos organismos têm sido descritos a partir de âmbar do Báltico, incluindo:

Escaravelho fóssil da família Brentidae

Fauna

Notas

  • Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em inglês cujo título é «Baltic amber».

Referências

  1. ↑ Ritzkowski, S. (1997). «K-Ar-Altersbestimmungen der Bernsteinführenden Sedimente des Samlandes (Paläogen, Bezirk Kaliningrad)». Bochum. Metalla. 66 (Sonderheft): 19–23 
  2. ↑ a b Wolfe, A. P.; Tappert, R.; Muehlenbachs, K.; Boudreau, M.; McKellar, R. C.; Basinger, J. F.; Garrett, A. (2009). «A New Proposal Concerning the Botanical Origin of Baltic Amber». Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1672): 3403–3412. PMC 2817186Acessível livremente. PMID 19570786. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0806 
  3. ↑ Dunlop, J. A.; Giribet, G. (2003). «The first Fossil Cyphophthalmid (Arachnida: Opiliones), from Bitterfeld Amber, Germany». Journal of Arachnology. 31 (3): 371–378. doi:10.1636/h03-03 
  4. ↑ Weitschat, W.; Wichard, W. (2002). Atlas of Plants and Animals in Baltic Amber. [S.l.]: Pfeil. ISBN 978-3931516949 
  5. ↑ https://www.ambaroriginal.com.br/colar-ambar
  6. ↑ a b Wheeler, W. M. (1914). «The Ants of the Baltic Amber». Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg. 55 (4): 56-59 
  7. ↑ a b c Heterick, B. E.; Shattuck, S. (2011). «Revision of the Ant Genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)». Zootaxa. 2845. 169 páginas 
  8. ↑ a b c d Gibson, G. A. P. (2009). «Description of three New Genera and four New Species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic Amber, with Discussion of their Relationships to Extant Taxa». ZooKeys. 20: 175–214. doi:10.3897/zookeys.20.161. Consultado em 27 de dezembro de 2014. Arquivado do original em 22 de setembro de 2010 
  9. ↑ a b Engel, M. S. (1995). «A New Fossil Snake-Fly Species from Baltic Amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae)». Psyche. 102 (3–4): 187–193. doi:10.1155/1995/23626 
  10. ↑ Skalski, A. W. (1973). «Studies on the Lepidoptera from Fossil Resins. Part II. Epiborkhausenites obscurotrimaculatus gen. et sp. nov. (Oecophoridae) and a Tineid-Moth Discovered in the Baltic Amber» (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 18 (1): 153–160 
  11. ↑ a b c Kehlmaier, C; Dierick, M; Skevington, JH (2014). «Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of Metanephrocerus Aczel, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae)». Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 72 (1): 23-36 
  12. ↑ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1906). «Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colorado» (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 50 (2) 
  13. ↑ Poinar, G. (2005). «Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic Amber». Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 107 (1): 55–63 
  14. ↑ Stworzewicz, E.; Pokryszko, B. M. (2006). «Eocene Terrestrial Snails (Gastropoda) from Baltic Amber» (PDF). Annales Zoologici. 56 (1): 215–224 
  15. ↑ Poinar, George (1 de março de 2000). «Fossil onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic amber: Tertiapatus dominicanus n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and Succinipatopsis balticus n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a proposed classification of the subphylum Onychophora». Invertebrate Biology (em inglês). 119 (1): 104-109. ISSN 1744-7410. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x 
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