Árabes iranianos

Nota: Se procura por indivíduos descendentes de árabes e persas, consulte persas árabes.
Árabes iranianos
عرب إيران (árabe)
عربان ايرانی (persa)
População total

1,5 milhão[1]

Regiões com população significativa
Cuzestão, Ilão, Teerã, Hormusgão, Bushehr, Fars, Semnã, Carmânia, Coração, Quermanxá, Qom
Línguas
Árabe, persa
Religiões
Islamismo xiita duodecimano (maioria), islamismo sunita (minoria)[2]
Grupos étnicos relacionados
Árabes, iraquianos, bareinitas, mandeus, lurs, bactiaris, qashqais, persas e outros iranianos

Árabes iranianos (em árabe: عرب إيران, transl. `Arab Īrān, em persa: عرب های ايرانی, transl. Arabān Irānī) são os árabes ou os falantes do árabe que habitam o Irã. Os árabes iranianos formam 2% da população daquele país.[1]

A presença árabe no Irã não teve início com a conquista islâmica da Pérsia, em 633 d.C.; por séculos, governantes iranianos haviam mantido contato com os árabes que habitavam fora de suas fronteiras, lidavam com seus súditos árabes e com estados-clientes no Iraque, e convidando membros dessas tribos árabes a se assentar no planalto Iraniano. Por consequência, as conquistas árabes ocorridas na região não foram obra apenas de habitantes Hejaz e da península Arábica, mas de indivíduos que habitavam o território iraniano antes mesmo das conquistas islâmicas, e que habitavam o local - tanto árabes "civilizados" (ahl al-madar) bem como habitantes do deserto (ahl al-wabar).[3]

De acordo com o Projeto Minorities at Risk ("Minorias em Risco"), cerca de 40% dos árabes que vivem no Irã são fazendeiros e pescadores. Aqueles que vivem ao longo das planícies do litoral do Golfo Pérsico são, em sua maioria, pastores nômades. As lealdades tribais são fortes, e são mantidas mesmo nas regiões urbanas, influenciando a socialização e a politização.[4]

A Universidade Payame Noor, que tem 229 campi espalhados por todo o país, declarou em 2008 que o idioma árabe seria considerado o "segundo idioma" da universidade, e que todos os seu serviços seriam oferecidos em árabe, além do persa.[5]

História

Sapor II (r. 309–379), do Império Sassânida, depois de ter realizado uma expedição punitiva até o outro lado do Golfo Pérsico no início de seu reino, trouxe consigo diversos clãs dos taglibitas para Darzim, nos arredores de Bam, dos Banu Abedal Cais e dos tamimitas para Hajar (na região de Kūh-e Hazār), a sudeste da Carmânia, diversos clãs dos bacritas para Carmânia, e dos Hanzala para Tavaz, próximo à atual Dalaqui, em Fars.[6]

Embora diversas tribos árabes tenham se fixado em diferentes partes do território iraniano após a invasão árabe da Pérsia, no século VII, foram as tribos árabes do Cuzestão que mais mantiveram sua identidade, em termos de língua, cultura e religião, até os dias de hoje. As características etnolinguísticas da região, no entanto, precisam ser contrastadas com a história longa e turbulenta da província, que tinha seu próprio idioma, o cuzi, possivelmente de origem elamita, e que gradualmente desapareceu no início da Idade Média. A imigração de tribos árabes vindas de fora da província também foi um processo ocorrido a longo prazo; houve um grande influxo de imigrantes árabes para a província entre os séculos XVI e XIX, incluindo os Banu Caabe e Banu Lam. O regime iraquiano de Saddam Hussein fez várias tentativas de incentivar o nacionalismo árabe na região durante a Guerra Irã-Iraque (1980–88), sem obter, no entanto, qualquer sucesso palpável.[7]

Referências

  1. a b CIA World Factbook
  2. Keddie, Nikki R. Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution, New York University Press, 1995 (3-5-2009). p. 12–13: "Many writings state that the Arabs are Sunni, but the only bases for this assertion seem to be that most Arabs in the world are Sunni, that some Arabs in Khuzestan learly are Sunni, and the Shi’a Arabs follow some customs that Persians associate with Sunnism. In the absence of scholarly work or census surveys, it is impossible to estimate the percentages of Shi’as and Sunnis among the Arabs, but the evidence suggests that the great majority of Iranian Arabs are Shi’ite. First, the Arabs border on a part of Iraq that is, and has long been, almost entirely Shi’ite, and it would be surprising to find a Sunni pocket in such an area, especially since, second, they live in the Shi'ite state of Iran."
  3. Daniel, E. L. «Arab settlements in Iran». Encyclopædia Iranica. Consultado em 9 de abril de 2011 
  4. Irã Arquivado em 18 de julho de 2009, no Wayback Machine. - British Home Office
  5. رادیو زمانه | خبر اول | ایران | عربی دومین زبان دانشگاه پیام نور شد - Radio Zamaaneh
  6. Oberling, P. e Hourcade, B. «Arab tribes of Iran». Enciclopédia Irânica. Consultado em 9 de abril de 2011 
  7. Frye, Richard Nelson (2 de maio de 2006). «Peoples of Iran». Enciclopédia Irânica. Consultado em 14 de dezembro de 2008 

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