Vinagre

 Nota: Se procura outros significados de Vinagre, veja Vinagre (desambiguação).
Garrafas de vinagre em diferentes formatos.

O termo vinagre, deriva do francês vinaigre,[1] que quer dizer vinho agre ou azedo. O vinagre é um contaminante indesejável na fabricação de vinhos. É, entretanto, um composto bastante utilizado no preparo de alimentos.

História

Na Bíblia, tanto o Antigo quanto o Novo Testamento fazem referência ao vinagre. O fato mais conhecido talvez seja a Crucificação de Jesus, em que os romanos oferecem uma esponja embebida de vinagre a Jesus Cristo. Para Hipócrates, a substância continha propriedades medicinais. Era conhecida como posca, uma mistura de água e vinagre. Todavia, apesar de ser conhecido desde tempos remotos, a indicação técnica é propriedade de Geber, que o destilou.[1]

Produção

Vinagre engarrafado com orégano

A produção do vinagre envolve três tipos de alterações bioquímicas:

Micro-organismos utilizados

Emprega-se uma fermentação por leveduras para a produção do álcool. A concentração alcoólica é ajustada entre 10 a 13%, sendo, então, exposta às bactérias do ácido acético (é um processo aeróbio), que vai oxidar a solução alcoólica até que se produza o vinagre na concentração desejada.

A fermentação, onde se deseja um aroma bom, é obtida pela ação de cultura pura de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ou S. cerevisiae da variedade ellipsoideus. Para fermentação acética, emprega-se organismos mistos do gênero Acetobacter.[1]

Com o aumento da produção de bebidas em embalagens plásticas, as bactérias acéticas não fermentativas tornaram-se mais importantes. Várias razões contribuíram para este fato, entre elas, a resistência de Gluconobacter a sanitizantes comumente empregados na indústria engarrafadora de bebidas, sua habilidade de crescer na presença de ácido ascórbico e ácido benzoico, e os altos níveis que caracterizam as bebidas em recipientes plásticos.

Tipos e padronização

Existem diversos tipos de vinagres produzidos dependendo do tipo de material usado na fermentação alcoólica (sucos, xaropes contendo amiláceos hidrolisados).

De acordo com o FDA (Food and Drug Administration) a definição e padronização de um dos tipos de vinagre são: vinagre, vinagre de sidra e vinagre de maçã — produto obtido pelas fermentações alcoólica e subsequentemente acética do suco de maçãs. Contém, em 100 centímetros cúbicos a 20°C, não menos do que 4 gramas de ácido acético.

Ver também

Notas e referências

  1. ↑ a b c AQUARONE, Eugênio. et al. Biotecnologia Industrial. vol.IV. São Paulo: Blucher, 2001.

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