Vacina contra a poliomielite

Vacina contra poliomielite
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Vacinas contra a poliomielite são vacinas usadas para prevenir a poliomielite (pólio). Existem dois tipos: um que usa o vírus inativado e é administrada por injeção (IPV), e outro que usa um vírus atenuado e é dada por via oral (OPV). A Organização Mundial de Saúde recomenda que todas as crianças sejam totalmente vacinadas contra a poliomielite.[1] As duas vacinas eliminaram a doença na maior parte do mundo,[2][3] e a redução do número de casos notificados a cada ano, a partir de uma estimativa de 350 000, em 1988, para 37 em 2016.[4]

As vacina inativadas são muito seguras. Pode ocorrer uma ligeira vermelhidão ou dor no local da injeção. A versão oral da vacina causa cerca de três casos de poliomielite paralítica associados à vacina por milhão de doses dadas.[1] Isto se compara com um em cada duzentos, que são as paralisias depois de uma infecção de poliomielite.[4] Geralmente, ambas são seguras para dar durante a gravidez e em pessoas que têm HIV/AIDS mas estão bem.[1]

A primeira vacina contra a poliomielite foi a vacina inativada contra pólio. Ela foi desenvolvida por Jonas Salk e entrou em uso em 1955.[5] A vacina oral contra a poliomielite foi desenvolvida por Albert Sabin e entrou em uso comercial em 1961.[1][6] As vacinas estão na Lista de Medicamentos Essenciais da Organização Mundial de Saúde, os medicamentos mais eficazes, seguros e necessários em um sistema de saúde.[7] Em 2014, o custo bruto nos países em desenvolvimento era de cerca de US$ 0,25 por dose para a forma oral.[8] Nos Estados Unidos, a forma inativada custa entre US$ 25-50 dólares.[9]

Referências

  1. ↑ a b c d «Polio vaccines: WHO position paper, March, 2016.» (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 91 (12): 145–168. 25 de março de 2016. PMID 27039410. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 3 de junho de 2016 
  2. ↑ Aylward RB (2006). «Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy». Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 100 (5–6): 401–13. PMID 16899145. doi:10.1179/136485906X97354 
  3. ↑ Schonberger L, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins D, Hatch M (1984). «Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States». Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 Suppl 2: S424–6. PMID 6740085. doi:10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424 
  4. ↑ a b «Poliomyelitis». World Health Organization (em inglês). Consultado em 25 de abril de 2017. Cópia arquivada em 18 de abril de 2017 
  5. ↑ Bazin, H. (2011). Vaccination: A History (em inglês). [S.l.]: John Libbey Eurotext. p. 395. ISBN 9782742007752. Cópia arquivada em 8 de setembro de 2017 
  6. ↑ Smith, DR; Leggat, PA (2005). «Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin—inventor of the oral polio vaccine.». The Kurume medical journal. 52 (3): 111–6. PMID 16422178. doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111 
  7. ↑ «WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)» (PDF). World Health Organization. Abril de 2015. Consultado em 8 de dezembro de 2016. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 13 de dezembro de 2016 
  8. ↑ «Vaccine, Polio». International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Consultado em 6 de dezembro de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 28 de fevereiro de 2017 
  9. ↑ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-284-05756-0 

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