Tripedalia cystophora

Como ler uma infocaixa de taxonomiaTripedalia cystophora
Tripedalia cystophora
Tripedalia cystophora
Classificação científica
Domínio: Eukaryota
Reino: Animalia
Sub-reino: Parazoa
Filo: Cnidaria
Classe: Cubozoa
Ordem: Carybdeida
Família: Tripedaliidae
Género: Tripedalia
Espécie: T. cystophora
Nome binomial
Tripedalia cystophora
Conant, 1897

Tripedalia cystophora (Conant, 1897)[1] é uma cubomedusa (Cubozoa) da família Tripedaliidae.

Distribuição

Tripedalia cystophora foi originalmente descrita na Jamaica por Conant (1897).[1] Desde lá ocorrências desta cubomedusa foram registradas, além do mar Caribenho, para o Oceano Atlântico, Oceano Pacífico e Oceano Indico. Há registros para Filipinas, Equador, Japão, Porto Rico, Brasil,[2] Indonésia, Austrália e Florida (EUA).[3]

Ecologia

Durante o dia, Tripedalia cystophora gosta de ficar principalmente a 20 cm de profundidade, em áreas iluminadas pelo sol, entre as raízes das árvores dos manguezais.[4] Essas áreas quentes e ensolaradas são onde seu principal alimento, o copépoda Dioithona oculata, pode ser encontrado durante o dia. Cardumes densos desses copépodas se formam nas manchas iluminadas de água, onde raios de sol brilham através do dossel do manguezal.[5] T. cystophora forrageia, afundando-se lentamente e estendendo seus tentáculos em torno de sua presas para capturá-las.[6] Para manter-se afastada dos galhos e raízes que podem danificar seu corpo minúsculo e delicado, essa medusa contrai e expande sua umbrela vigorosamente, criando um jato propulsor.[7] Cubomedusas são excelentes nadadoras.[8]

Descrição

Tripedalia cystophora é uma cubomedusa pequena. Sua umbrela é cúbica e translúcida com 8 a 11 mm de altura e 10 a 16 mm de largura. Em cada canto há um grupo interradial de 3 pedalia, não ramificados, de onde se estende um único tentáculo por pedalium. As espécies da família Tripedaliidae apresentam características diferentes de outras cubomedusas na fertilização, os machos produzem espermatóforos que são transferidos às fêmeas por meio de um comportamento de corte, ocorrendo fertilização interna.[9][10][11]

Dimorfismo sexual: Em 2005, Lisa-ann Gershwin propôs em sua tese de doutorado[12] uma emenda para “ressuscitar” a família Tripedaliidae como grupo irmão de Carybdeidae[a] porque ela presumiu a relação de Copula (Carybdea) sivickisi com Tripedalia cystophora baseada nos resultados de Collins (2002)[13] na análise do sequenciamento genético completo do 18S rDNA que mostrou o agrupamento de ambas as espécies.[b] Essa hipótese foi corroborada por uma análise molecular subsequente e Tripedaliidae (Conant, 1897) passou a conter todos os Carybdeida que exibem dimorfismo sexual das gônadas, produzem espermatóforos e que pelo menos os machos possuem sacos subgástricos/vesículas seminais.[14][15][16]

  1. ↑ p.155-156
  2. ↑ p.85-86

Referências

  1. ↑ a b Conant, F. S. (1898). William K. Brooks (ed.), ed. The Cubomedusae. Col: Memoirs from the Biological Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, 1. 4. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. 84 páginas. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1736 
  2. ↑ Morandini, A.C.; Ascher, D.; Stampar, S.N.& Ferreira, J.F.V. (2005). «Cubozoa e Scyphozoa (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) de águas costeiras do Brasil». Iheringia. Série Zoologia. 95 (3): 281-294. doi:10.1590/S0073-47212005000300008 
  3. ↑ Ekins, M. & Gershwin, L. (2004). «First Record of the Caribbean Box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora in Australian waters». Marine Biodiversity Records. 7 (e127): 1-5. doi:10.1017/S1755267214001183 
  4. ↑ Garm, A.; Bielecki, J.; Petie, R.; Nilsson, D.-E. (2012). «Opposite Patterns of Diurnal Activity in the Box Jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Copula sivickisi». Biological Bulletin. 222 (1): 35–45 
  5. ↑ Buskey, E. (2003). «Behavioral adaptations of the cubozoan medusa Tripedalia cystophora for feeding on copepod (Dioithona oculata) swarms». Marine Biology. 142 (2): 225–232. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0938-y 
  6. ↑ Garm, A.; O'Connor, M.; Parkefelt, L.; Nilsson, D.-E. (2007). «Visually guided obstacle avoidance in the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Chiropsella bronzie». Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (20): 3616–3623. PMID 17921163. doi:10.1242/jeb.004044 
  7. ↑ Stewart, S.E. (1996). «Field behavior of Tripedalia cystophora (class cubozoa)». Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology. 27 (2-3): 175-188. doi:10.1080/10236249609378963 
  8. ↑ Colin, S.P.; Costello, J.H.; Katija, K.; Seymour, J. & Kiefer, K. (2013). «Propulsion in Cubomedusae: Mechanisms and Utility». PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56393. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056393 
  9. ↑ Werner, B. (1973). «Spermatozeugmen und Paarungsverhalten bei Tripedalia cystophora (Cubomedusae)». 18 (3): 212-217. doi:10.1007/BF00367987 
  10. ↑ Lewis, C.; Kubota, S.; Migotto, A.E. & Collins, A.G. (2008). «Sexually Dimorphic Cubomedusa Carybdea sivickisi (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in Seto, Wakayama, Japan». Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 40 (5-6): 1-8. doi:10.5134/72820 
  11. ↑ Garm A., Lebouvier M. & Tolunay D. (2015). «Mating in the box jellyfish Copula sivickisi - Novel function of cnidocytes». Journal of Morphology. 276 (9): 1055-1064. PMID 26010863. doi:10.1002/jmor.20395 
  12. ↑ Lisa-ann Gershwin (2005). Taxonomy and phylogeny of Australian cubozoa (PDF) (PhD). James Cook University. p. 155-156. 202 páginas 
  13. ↑ Collins, A.G. (2002). «Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of life cycles». Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 15 (3): 418-432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x 
  14. ↑ Hartwick, R.F. (1991). «Observations on the anatomy, behaviour, reproduction and life cycle of the cubozoan Carybdea sivickisi». Hydrobiologia. 216 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1007/BF00026459 
  15. ↑ Bastian Bentlage; Paulyn Cartwright; Angel A. Yanagihara; Cheryl Lewis; Gemma S. Richards; Allen G. Collins (2010). «Evolution of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa), a group of highly toxic invertebrates». Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences. 277 (1680): 493–501. PMID 19923131. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1707 
  16. ↑ Bastian Bentlage & Cheryl Lewis (2012). «An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the "Irukandji family" (Carukiidae)». Journal of Natural History. 46 (41-42): 2595-2620. doi:10.1080/00222933.2012.717645 

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