Transmissão (medicina)

 Nota: Para o filme, veja Contágio (filme).
Ilustração do Processo de Transmissão por Gotículas.

Em medicina, transmissão é a passagem de um patógeno causador de uma doença infeciosa de um hospedeiro para outro indivíduo ou grupo, independentemente de o outro indivíduo ter estado ou não anteriormente infetado.[1]

Vias de transmissão

Transmissão por via aérea

A transmissão por via aérea ocorre através de partículas com dimensão inferior a 5 micrómetros.[2][3] Estas partículas são geralmente resíduos de gotículas evaporadas com microorganismos, partículas de pó com agentes infeciosos ou esporos. Estas partículas permanecem suspensas no ar durante longos períodos de tempo, podendo ser transportadas por correntes de ar e inaladas na proximidade ou longe do local de origem.[2]

Transmissão por gotículas

Ver artigo principal: Gotícula respiratória

A transmissão por gotículas ocorre quando gotículas respiratórias infetadas com microorganismos são expelidas por tosse, espirros ou fala e se depositam nos olhos, boca ou nariz de uma pessoa em contacto próximo (menos de 1m).[2] Estas gotículas têm tamanho superior a 5 micrómetros[3] e são suficientemente pesadas para cair imediatamente no chão, não ficando em suspensão no ar durante muito tempo.[2] As gotículas podem também depositar-se em objetos próximos da pessoa infetada, que depois contaminam quem neles toque e leve as mãos à boca, olhos ou nariz.[4]

Transmissão fecal-oral

Ver artigo principal: Rota fecal-oral

Transmissão sexual

Ver artigo principal: Infeção sexualmente transmissível

Transmissão por contacto

Transmissão vertical

Ver artigo principal: Transmissão vertical

A transmissão vertical ocorre geralmente entre a mãe e o filho, na maior parte dos casos durante a gravidez, mas também no parto ou através de contacto físico pós-parto entre os pais e o bebé. Em mamíferos, incluindo seres humanos, pode também ocorrer durante a amamentação (transmissão transmamária).[5] Entre as doenças que podem ser transmitidas verticalmente estão o VIH, hepatite B e sífilis. Podem ainda ser transmitidos verticalmente diversos organismos mutualistas.[5]

Referências

  1. ↑ Bush, A.O.; et al. (2001). Parasitism: the diversity and ecology of animal parasites. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 391–399 
  2. ↑ a b c d «Protocolos de Diagnóstico e Terapêutica em Infecciologia Perinatal» (PDF). Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. Consultado em 9 de abril de 2020 
  3. ↑ a b «Prevention of hospital-acquired infections» (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 26 de março de 2020 
  4. ↑ «Clinical Educators Guide for the prevention and control of infection in healthcare» (PDF). NHMRC, Commonwealth of Australia. 2010. Consultado em 12 de setembro de 2015. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 5 de abril de 2015 
  5. ↑ a b Ebert, Dieter (2013). «The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission». Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 44: 623–643. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555 

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