Três Augustos e os Cinco Imperadores

Parte de uma série da
História da China

Os Três Augustos e os Cinco Imperadores foram líderes mitológicos da China durante o período aproximado de 2850 a.C. a 2205 a.C., tempo anterior à Dinastia Xia;[1][2]

Os Três Soberanos

Os Três Augustos, conhecidos também como os Três Soberanos, são considerados reis-deuses ou semi-deuses que usaram seus poderes mágicos para melhorar a vida das pessoas.[1] Devido a sua grande virtude, eles teriam vivido até idade extremamente avançada, e governaram durante um período de grande paz e prosperidade.

Os Três Augustos são colocados sob diferentes identidades dependendo do documento. As três possibilidades mais conhecidas são:

1-O famoso livro Registros do Historiador por Sima Qian apresenta os seguintes nomes:

-O Deus Celestial (天皇), que governou por 18.000 anos

-O Deus Terreno (地皇), que governou por 11.000 anos

-O Deus Humano (泰皇 ou 人皇), que governou por 45.600 anos

2-O Yundou shu (運斗樞) e Yuanming bao (元命苞) os identifca como:

-Fu Xi

-Nüwa

-Shennong

Os Cinco Imperadores

Os Cinco Imperadores são lendários reis-sábios de moral perfeita.

1-De acordo com Registros do Historiador, eles eram:

-Huang Di (o Imperador Amarelo)[1]

-Zhuanxu

-Ku

-Yao[1]

-Shun[1]

Yao e Shun são também conhecidos como os Dois Imperadores, e, junto com Yu (禹), fundador da Dinastia Xia,[1] são considerados posteriormente por confucionistas como modelos de líderes e exemplos de moral na história chinesa. O Shangshu xu (尚書序) e Diwang shiji incluem Shaohao (少昊) entre os Cinco Imperadores em vez do Imperador Amarelo.

2-A Canção de Chu (楚辭) identifica os Cinco Imperadores como deuses ligados aos pontos cardeais:

-Shaohao (Leste)

-Zhuanxu (Norte)

-Imperador Amarelo (Centro)

-Shennong (Oeste)

-Fuxi (Sul)

3-O Livro das Sagrações (禮記) combina os Cinco Imperadores com as Cinco Linhagens (五氏), o que compreende:

-Youchao-shi

-Suiren-shi

-Fuxi

-Nüwa

-Shennong

Porém, é mais aceito que a ordem correta dos Augustos e Imperadores seja a seguinte, com os três primeiros sendo os Augustos:[1]

-Fu Xi

-Shennong

-Huang Di

-Shaohao

-Zhuanxu

-Ku

-Yao

-Shun

O primeiro imperador chinês historicamente registrado e oficialmente considerado pela historiografia ocidental é Qin Shi Huang.

Referências

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture (em inglês). Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. pp. 22–23 
  2. ↑ Morton, W. Scott (William Scott); Lewis, Charlton M. (2005). China : its history and culture. Library Genesis. Nova Iorque: McGraw-Hill. p. 14 

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